http://www.afroamerica.net/AfricaGL/2013/06/16/was-fdlr-ever-designated-terrorist-organization-by-us-government-yes-is-it-now-no/

Was FDLR Ever Designated Terrorist Organization by US Government? Yes. Is It Now? No.

by AFROAMERICA NETWORK on JUNE 16, 2013

Over the last few weeks, heated debates  erupted following the  recommendation by Tanzanian President Jakaya Kikwete to the governments of Rwanda, Uganda,  and  the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)  to hold direct talks with their respective armed opposition.

Photo: FDLR Top Commander General Rwarakabije and Rwandan Military Chief of Staff General James Kabarebe in 2003.

Direct Talks: The Best Way, Says Tanzanian President Jakaya Kikwete

Tanzanian President Jakaya Kikwete urged these governments to hold direct talks, as the best way to bring so much needed peace in the Great Lakes Region of Africa after decades of bloodshed, violence, war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. For President Jakaya Kikwete, Rwandan government  must talk to its armed opposition, including the Democratic Forces of Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) rebels, Ugandan government to ADF/NALU rebels, and DRC government to M23 rebels (see  our article Talk to Your Armed Opposition, Tanzanian President Kikwete Tells Yoweri Museveni of Uganda, Paul Kagame of Rwanda, and Joseph Kabila of DRC of May 26, 2013  and Tanzanian Jakaya Kikwete and Rwandan Paul Kagame Meet in Japan of June 1, 2013).

The proposal has raised a storm of attacks, insults and character assassination directed against the Tanzanian President Kikwete by  Rwandan government top officials: the Rwandan President General Paul Kagame called  President Jakaya Kikwete an ignorant Four-Bs ( "an opportunist, attention seeker , arrogant and  contemptible person."  ),  the Rwandan Foreign Affairs Minister Louise Mushikiwabo accused him of being a genocide and terrorist sympathizer.

Rwandan Hutu Puppet Prime Minister on the Frontline

Even  the usually obscure  Rwandan Prime Minister Pierre Habumuremyi added to the foray when he stated the following in hisopinion comment published by the Rwandan Intelligence Services's owned news media, New Times on June 12, 2013:

"Shockingly, most of their killers are now scot-free in the Eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo that shared a border with Rwanda. There are also others in certain African as well as Western countries. In all those parts of the world the Genocidaires continue to get support and mentorship from different people. Ironically, they (killers) are even getting support from people whom we believed were partners in the fight against the genocide ideology or who are neighbours with whom we have a lot in common. 

There are two Rwandan proverbs that state that the one with bad language dies with it and that in every family there is black sheep (Inda ibyara Mweru na Muhima). Indeed, there are some neighbouring countries that used to have good leaders who were champions of African unity, who loved the truth and only truth, who contributed a lot in the fight for independence of African countries to the extent that they were called Fathers of those countries. All we know is that those countries were true friends to Rwanda and its people. 

Unfortunately, those Panafrican leaders were not succeeded by people who shared their exemplary leadership qualities."

So even the Rwandan Prime Minister Pierre Habumuremyi, who is widely classified by Western diplomats and independent observers in Kigali, among the puppets and incompetent Hutu government officials appointed by the Rwandan Patriotic Front Government  to project an illusion of inclusion (see our article:US Embassy in Rwanda: Power in Hands of a Powerful Tutsi Minority With A Few Incompetent Hutu Figureheads of September 4, 2011) , dared to call the Tanzanian President a mediocre leader, for merely urging dialogue as the best way to solve conflicts.

Jakaya Kikwete and General Paul Kagame: Deadlock?

The problem with Rwandan leaders, including Foreign Affairs Minister Louise Mushikiwabo, Prime Minister  Pierre Habumuremyi, and President General Paul Kagame, is that Jakaya Kikwete has something to show and marry his words to deeds: successful inter-Burundian dialogue in Burundi, successful inter-Mozambique dialogue, and the support of South Africa through the painful transition from apartheid, in which Tanzanian Government played a major role, if not the role of being the peace broker.

To date, there is a deadlock: Rwandan government officials have adamantly said that they will not negotiate with the Rwandan armed group FDLR, whereas the Tanzanian Government stuck to its  guns and maintains its recommendation.

The government of Rwanda has maintained that FDLR are terrorists.  The problem with this is that the Rwandan government has welcomed the ex-FDLR overall commander, General Rwarakabije, now a top official within the Rwandan government, and many more FDLR top commanders, founding members, and troops. When faced with the "direct talks with FDLR" dilemma and the hypocrisy typified by General Rwarakabije case, the Rwandan Defense Minister  General James Kabarebe recently tweeted:

"I didn't negotiate with Gen Rwarakabije to return,he came at his own will and I facilitated him."

"I will facilitate any FDLR to return,if he abandons genocide ideology.To come and integrate or face justice if he killed"!

The problem is that he lied. He initiated the dialogue with General Paul Rwarakabaje through an Rwandan Intelligence Services operative who had infiltrated FDLR were before its creation and who was later compensated handsomely. But that is the subject of another story and it is not the issue.

Is FDLR-FOCA a Terrorist Organization? That is not question.

Rwandan argues that FDLR is a terrorist group, classified as such by the United Nations (UN) Security Council  and Western governments. This is partly true. The UN  Security Council never classified FDLR as a terrorist group. However, the UN Security Council did take sanctions against  most of the top  FDLR political and military leaders since 2009 and recently against FDLR-FOCA as a group.

Western governments took in the past a step further. On April 27, 2005, the U.S. State Department identified 40 Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTO) in its annual terrorism report. Among  groups identified were  the Democratic Liberation Forces of Rwanda (FDLR)  and the Ugandan Lord's Resistence Army (LRA)(see here our article  USA: Rwandan Rebel Group designated Terrorist by State Department   of  May 12, 2005). 

Since then, the United States has removed FDLR from the list of Foreign Terrorist organizations (FTO) (see US State Department FTO List here). However  the United States Government has a special treatment of the FDLR:

First, FDLR was maintained on  Department of Treasury Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List under: "DEMOCRATIC FORCES FOR THE LIBERATION OF RWANDA (a.k.a. COMBATANT FORCE FOR THE LIBERATION OF RWANDA; a.k.a. FDLR; a.k.a. FORCE COMBATTANTE ABACUNGUZI; a.k.a. FORCES DEMOCRATIQUES DE LIBERATION DU RWANDA; a.k.a. "FOCA"), North and South Kivu, Congo, Democratic Republic of the [DRCONGO] (see here).

Second, the list of Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons also include most of the top FDLR political and military leaders:  Ignace Murwanashyaka, Straton Musoni, Callixte Mbarushimana, General Gaston Iyamuremye, General Leodomir Mudacumura (a.k.a. MUPENZI, Bernard; a.k.a. MUPENZI, General Pierre Bernard; a.k.a. "COMMANDANT PHARAON"; a.k.a. "MUKANDA"; a.k.a. "RADJA"),  Colonel Fred IRAKEZA (a.k.a. NSANZUBUKIRE, Felicien), General Pacifique NTAWUNGUKA (a.k.a. NTAWUNGULA, Pacifique; a.k.a. "COLONEL OMEGA"; a.k.a. "NZERI"),  General  Stanislas NZEYIMANA (a.k.a. BIGARUKA IZABAYO, Deogratias; a.k.a. IZABAYO DEO; a.k.a. "BIGARUKA"; a.k.a. "BIGARURA"), Colonel Leopold MUJYAMBERE (a.k.a. IBRAHIM, Frere Petrus; a.k.a. "ACHILLE"; a.k.a. "MUSENYERI") .

Besides,  FDLR and all top military and political leaders are on the United Nations Security Council sanctions list.

Finally,  two recent developments have highlighted the approach of the West towards FDLR-FOCA:

• In April 2013, the US government offered US$5 million for information leading to the arrest, transfer and conviction of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) supreme commander, General Sylvestre Mudacumura.
• In June 2013, the German Government arrested three FDLR-FOCA sympathizers, known as Bernard T.  and Jean Felicien B.  and  Jean Bosco U.

Hence, to come back to our initial question.

Was FDLR ever a Designated Terrorist Organization by the US Government? Yes.

Is It Now? No.

But its top political and military leaders face several political, diplomatic and security hurdles and most are under sanctions in several countries and at the United Nations.

©2013 AfroAmerica Network. All Rights Reserved.

Tagged as: FDLR, FDLR-FOCA, General James Kabarebe, General Mudacumura, General Paul Kagame, Jakaya Kikwete, Louise Mushikiwabo, Pierre Habumuremyi

http://www.afroamerica.net/AfricaGL/2013/06/16/was-fdlr-ever-designated-terrorist-organization-by-us-government-yes-is-it-now-no/

Was FDLR Ever Designated Terrorist Organization by US Government? Yes. Is It Now? No.

by AFROAMERICA NETWORK on JUNE 16, 2013

Over the last few weeks, heated debates  erupted following the  recommendation by Tanzanian President Jakaya Kikwete to the governments of Rwanda, Uganda,  and  the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)  to hold direct talks with their respective armed opposition.

Photo: FDLR Top Commander General Rwarakabije and Rwandan Military Chief of Staff General James Kabarebe in 2003.

Direct Talks: The Best Way, Says Tanzanian President Jakaya Kikwete

Tanzanian President Jakaya Kikwete urged these governments to hold direct talks, as the best way to bring so much needed peace in the Great Lakes Region of Africa after decades of bloodshed, violence, war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. For President Jakaya Kikwete, Rwandan government  must talk to its armed opposition, including the Democratic Forces of Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) rebels, Ugandan government to ADF/NALU rebels, and DRC government to M23 rebels (see  our article Talk to Your Armed Opposition, Tanzanian President Kikwete Tells Yoweri Museveni of Uganda, Paul Kagame of Rwanda, and Joseph Kabila of DRC of May 26, 2013  and Tanzanian Jakaya Kikwete and Rwandan Paul Kagame Meet in Japan of June 1, 2013).

The proposal has raised a storm of attacks, insults and character assassination directed against the Tanzanian President Kikwete by  Rwandan government top officials: the Rwandan President General Paul Kagame called  President Jakaya Kikwete an ignorant Four-Bs ( "an opportunist, attention seeker , arrogant and  contemptible person."  ),  the Rwandan Foreign Affairs Minister Louise Mushikiwabo accused him of being a genocide and terrorist sympathizer.

Rwandan Hutu Puppet Prime Minister on the Frontline

Even  the usually obscure  Rwandan Prime Minister Pierre Habumuremyi added to the foray when he stated the following in hisopinion comment published by the Rwandan Intelligence Services's owned news media, New Times on June 12, 2013:

"Shockingly, most of their killers are now scot-free in the Eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo that shared a border with Rwanda. There are also others in certain African as well as Western countries. In all those parts of the world the Genocidaires continue to get support and mentorship from different people. Ironically, they (killers) are even getting support from people whom we believed were partners in the fight against the genocide ideology or who are neighbours with whom we have a lot in common. 

There are two Rwandan proverbs that state that the one with bad language dies with it and that in every family there is black sheep (Inda ibyara Mweru na Muhima). Indeed, there are some neighbouring countries that used to have good leaders who were champions of African unity, who loved the truth and only truth, who contributed a lot in the fight for independence of African countries to the extent that they were called Fathers of those countries. All we know is that those countries were true friends to Rwanda and its people. 

Unfortunately, those Panafrican leaders were not succeeded by people who shared their exemplary leadership qualities."

So even the Rwandan Prime Minister Pierre Habumuremyi, who is widely classified by Western diplomats and independent observers in Kigali, among the puppets and incompetent Hutu government officials appointed by the Rwandan Patriotic Front Government  to project an illusion of inclusion (see our article:US Embassy in Rwanda: Power in Hands of a Powerful Tutsi Minority With A Few Incompetent Hutu Figureheads of September 4, 2011) , dared to call the Tanzanian President a mediocre leader, for merely urging dialogue as the best way to solve conflicts.

Jakaya Kikwete and General Paul Kagame: Deadlock?

The problem with Rwandan leaders, including Foreign Affairs Minister Louise Mushikiwabo, Prime Minister  Pierre Habumuremyi, and President General Paul Kagame, is that Jakaya Kikwete has something to show and marry his words to deeds: successful inter-Burundian dialogue in Burundi, successful inter-Mozambique dialogue, and the support of South Africa through the painful transition from apartheid, in which Tanzanian Government played a major role, if not the role of being the peace broker.

To date, there is a deadlock: Rwandan government officials have adamantly said that they will not negotiate with the Rwandan armed group FDLR, whereas the Tanzanian Government stuck to its  guns and maintains its recommendation.

The government of Rwanda has maintained that FDLR are terrorists.  The problem with this is that the Rwandan government has welcomed the ex-FDLR overall commander, General Rwarakabije, now a top official within the Rwandan government, and many more FDLR top commanders, founding members, and troops. When faced with the "direct talks with FDLR" dilemma and the hypocrisy typified by General Rwarakabije case, the Rwandan Defense Minister  General James Kabarebe recently tweeted:

"I didn't negotiate with Gen Rwarakabije to return,he came at his own will and I facilitated him."

"I will facilitate any FDLR to return,if he abandons genocide ideology.To come and integrate or face justice if he killed"!

The problem is that he lied. He initiated the dialogue with General Paul Rwarakabaje through an Rwandan Intelligence Services operative who had infiltrated FDLR were before its creation and who was later compensated handsomely. But that is the subject of another story and it is not the issue.

Is FDLR-FOCA a Terrorist Organization? That is not question.

Rwandan argues that FDLR is a terrorist group, classified as such by the United Nations (UN) Security Council  and Western governments. This is partly true. The UN  Security Council never classified FDLR as a terrorist group. However, the UN Security Council did take sanctions against  most of the top  FDLR political and military leaders since 2009 and recently against FDLR-FOCA as a group.

Western governments took in the past a step further. On April 27, 2005, the U.S. State Department identified 40 Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTO) in its annual terrorism report. Among  groups identified were  the Democratic Liberation Forces of Rwanda (FDLR)  and the Ugandan Lord's Resistence Army (LRA)(see here our article  USA: Rwandan Rebel Group designated Terrorist by State Department   of  May 12, 2005). 

Since then, the United States has removed FDLR from the list of Foreign Terrorist organizations (FTO) (see US State Department FTO List here). However  the United States Government has a special treatment of the FDLR:

First, FDLR was maintained on  Department of Treasury Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List under: "DEMOCRATIC FORCES FOR THE LIBERATION OF RWANDA (a.k.a. COMBATANT FORCE FOR THE LIBERATION OF RWANDA; a.k.a. FDLR; a.k.a. FORCE COMBATTANTE ABACUNGUZI; a.k.a. FORCES DEMOCRATIQUES DE LIBERATION DU RWANDA; a.k.a. "FOCA"), North and South Kivu, Congo, Democratic Republic of the [DRCONGO] (see here).

Second, the list of Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons also include most of the top FDLR political and military leaders:  Ignace Murwanashyaka, Straton Musoni, Callixte Mbarushimana, General Gaston Iyamuremye, General Leodomir Mudacumura (a.k.a. MUPENZI, Bernard; a.k.a. MUPENZI, General Pierre Bernard; a.k.a. "COMMANDANT PHARAON"; a.k.a. "MUKANDA"; a.k.a. "RADJA"),  Colonel Fred IRAKEZA (a.k.a. NSANZUBUKIRE, Felicien), General Pacifique NTAWUNGUKA (a.k.a. NTAWUNGULA, Pacifique; a.k.a. "COLONEL OMEGA"; a.k.a. "NZERI"),  General  Stanislas NZEYIMANA (a.k.a. BIGARUKA IZABAYO, Deogratias; a.k.a. IZABAYO DEO; a.k.a. "BIGARUKA"; a.k.a. "BIGARURA"), Colonel Leopold MUJYAMBERE (a.k.a. IBRAHIM, Frere Petrus; a.k.a. "ACHILLE"; a.k.a. "MUSENYERI") .

Besides,  FDLR and all top military and political leaders are on the United Nations Security Council sanctions list.

Finally,  two recent developments have highlighted the approach of the West towards FDLR-FOCA:

• In April 2013, the US government offered US$5 million for information leading to the arrest, transfer and conviction of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) supreme commander, General Sylvestre Mudacumura.
• In June 2013, the German Government arrested three FDLR-FOCA sympathizers, known as Bernard T.  and Jean Felicien B.  and  Jean Bosco U.

Hence, to come back to our initial question.

Was FDLR ever a Designated Terrorist Organization by the US Government? Yes.

Is It Now? No.

But its top political and military leaders face several political, diplomatic and security hurdles and most are under sanctions in several countries and at the United Nations.

©2013 AfroAmerica Network. All Rights Reserved.

Tagged as: FDLR, FDLR-FOCA, General James Kabarebe, General Mudacumura, General Paul Kagame, Jakaya Kikwete, Louise Mushikiwabo, Pierre Habumuremyi

Rwanda: Seven Maxims of The Kagame Doctrine

http://www.theproxylake.com/2013/06/what-is-rwandas-foreign-policy-seven-maxims-of-the-kagame-doctrine/

What Is Rwanda's Foreign Policy? Seven Maxims of The Kagame Doctrine

by Theogene Rudasingwa

A good foreign policy champions, defends and protects a country's ( read people's) national interests. It seeks friends and builds alliances. It aims to contain enemies, and prevent war. When war becomes inevitable, a country should be able to win it by having good and reliable friends on its side. A poor and landlocked country like Rwanda should not easily pick quarrels with neighbors who share history, culture, and through whose territory its exports and imports flow. When such a poor country is dependent on aid, a country's leadership should have professional humility to accept" begging with a purpose", to overcome the people's poverty and begging in the long term.

Photo's courtesy of Inyenyeri News

Given the above principles, what is Rwanda's foreign policy? Since the Kigali regime is a brutal dictatorship under President Paul Kagame, to understand its foreign policy you would have to appreciate the following seven maxims of the KAGAME DOCTRINE:

First, it is anti-Hutu, anti-Tutsi and anti-Twa. In short, it is an anti-people, anti-democratic domestic policy. Its human rights record is outrageous. It kills, jails,intimidates, makes people disappear, or exiles them.

Second, it is a militaristic regime that has a facade of a civilian government whose formal institutions have been usurped by a narrow clique of a "minority within a minority", i.e Tutsi military officers within a minority ethnic group.

Third, it is founded on grand deception and intimidation. The regime has falsified Rwanda's history to suit its agenda, and consistently hides its role in contributing to the tragedies of modern day Rwanda and the Great Lakes region ( genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity in Rwanda and DRC).

Fourth, it preys on the guilt of the international community, for its failures before, during and after the 1994 genocide. Because of this guilt the international community has either been silenced or wooed into unholy alliances with Kagame.

Fifth, it is belligerent and aggressive within the Great Lakes region. Since 1994, the regime has fought or made enemies with the Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Angola, South Africa, Uganda and now, sadly but predictably, Tanzania.

Sixth, it is an anti-African foreign policy. The Kagame doctrine is founded on cheap and opportunistic arrogance that has no respect for the genuine interests of the African people. He now abuses the West because his long time allies now find him an inconvenient and embarassing burden. He has adapted a pan-africanist language, when he has worked, openly and secretly, against Africa's interests.

Seventh, it is an immoral foreign policy, founded on the premise that opponents, whether heads of state or ordinary citizens, must die or be jailed.

The Kagame doctrine is not simply wrong. It is anti-Rwandan, militaristic. deceptive, predatory, belligerent, anti-African and immoral. In short, it is dangerous for Rwanda, the Great Lakes region, Africa and the international community. The Kagame doctrine is a cancer that spreads day by day. Palliative treatment may give us temporary relief. What is needed is aggressive surgery in the peace domain that will be painful but ultimately save Rwanda and her neighbors.

Dr. Theogene Rudasingwa was President Paul Kagame's Chief of Staff, Rwanda's Ambassador to the United States, and Secretary General of Rwanda's ruling party, RPF. He is currently the Coordinator of Rwanda National Congress (RNC) and the author of Healing A Nation: A Testimony: Waging and Winning A Peaceful Revolution to Unite and Heal A Broken Rwanda .

Related Tags: Foreign Policy, Kagame, reconciliation, Rwandan National Congress

Rwanda: Seven Maxims of The Kagame Doctrine

http://www.theproxylake.com/2013/06/what-is-rwandas-foreign-policy-seven-maxims-of-the-kagame-doctrine/

What Is Rwanda's Foreign Policy? Seven Maxims of The Kagame Doctrine

by Theogene Rudasingwa

A good foreign policy champions, defends and protects a country's ( read people's) national interests. It seeks friends and builds alliances. It aims to contain enemies, and prevent war. When war becomes inevitable, a country should be able to win it by having good and reliable friends on its side. A poor and landlocked country like Rwanda should not easily pick quarrels with neighbors who share history, culture, and through whose territory its exports and imports flow. When such a poor country is dependent on aid, a country's leadership should have professional humility to accept" begging with a purpose", to overcome the people's poverty and begging in the long term.

Photo's courtesy of Inyenyeri News

Given the above principles, what is Rwanda's foreign policy? Since the Kigali regime is a brutal dictatorship under President Paul Kagame, to understand its foreign policy you would have to appreciate the following seven maxims of the KAGAME DOCTRINE:

First, it is anti-Hutu, anti-Tutsi and anti-Twa. In short, it is an anti-people, anti-democratic domestic policy. Its human rights record is outrageous. It kills, jails,intimidates, makes people disappear, or exiles them.

Second, it is a militaristic regime that has a facade of a civilian government whose formal institutions have been usurped by a narrow clique of a "minority within a minority", i.e Tutsi military officers within a minority ethnic group.

Third, it is founded on grand deception and intimidation. The regime has falsified Rwanda's history to suit its agenda, and consistently hides its role in contributing to the tragedies of modern day Rwanda and the Great Lakes region ( genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity in Rwanda and DRC).

Fourth, it preys on the guilt of the international community, for its failures before, during and after the 1994 genocide. Because of this guilt the international community has either been silenced or wooed into unholy alliances with Kagame.

Fifth, it is belligerent and aggressive within the Great Lakes region. Since 1994, the regime has fought or made enemies with the Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Angola, South Africa, Uganda and now, sadly but predictably, Tanzania.

Sixth, it is an anti-African foreign policy. The Kagame doctrine is founded on cheap and opportunistic arrogance that has no respect for the genuine interests of the African people. He now abuses the West because his long time allies now find him an inconvenient and embarassing burden. He has adapted a pan-africanist language, when he has worked, openly and secretly, against Africa's interests.

Seventh, it is an immoral foreign policy, founded on the premise that opponents, whether heads of state or ordinary citizens, must die or be jailed.

The Kagame doctrine is not simply wrong. It is anti-Rwandan, militaristic. deceptive, predatory, belligerent, anti-African and immoral. In short, it is dangerous for Rwanda, the Great Lakes region, Africa and the international community. The Kagame doctrine is a cancer that spreads day by day. Palliative treatment may give us temporary relief. What is needed is aggressive surgery in the peace domain that will be painful but ultimately save Rwanda and her neighbors.

Dr. Theogene Rudasingwa was President Paul Kagame's Chief of Staff, Rwanda's Ambassador to the United States, and Secretary General of Rwanda's ruling party, RPF. He is currently the Coordinator of Rwanda National Congress (RNC) and the author of Healing A Nation: A Testimony: Waging and Winning A Peaceful Revolution to Unite and Heal A Broken Rwanda .

Related Tags: Foreign Policy, Kagame, reconciliation, Rwandan National Congress

Caricatures Politiques Rwandaises en Temps de Guerre

http://www.theproxylake.com/2013/06/liberte-dexpression-1990-1994-caricatures-politiques-rwandaises-en-temps-de-guerre/

Liberté d'expression? 1990 – 1994 Caricatures Politiques Rwandaises en Temps de Guerre

Janvier 1992, les Conférences Nationales et Souveraines étaient en vogue en Afrique noire dans les années 90. Au Rwanda, certains opposants politiques en avaient fait leurs slogans. Le Journal montre le Président Habyarimana fuyant à l'approche de Rukokoma (la Conférence Nationale) représentée par un cétacé (Le Tribun du Peuple n° 14 Janvier I 1992).

 

 

_________________________________________________________________

Eliézer Niyitegeka était de ceux qui soutenaient Faustin Twagiramungu pour la tenue d'une Conférence nationale (Rukokoma). Ici il dit à la population: "Attention Rukokoma arrive". Ses interlocuteurs lui répndent : "Attention les élections arrivent"; "Nous allons faire un vote". Le journal Umurwanashayaka insinue que la Conférence nationale est un raccourci voulu par l'opposition politique pour arriver au pouvoir sans passer par des élections (Umurwanashayaka n° 12 de septembre 1191, p. 22).

_________________________________________________________________

Le journal pro-FPR Kanguka montre la partie occupée respectivement par les combattants du FPR et les militaires des FAR au Mutara tout près de la frontière ougandaise. La partition est signalisée par une ligne en zigzague. Le titre de la caricature est : "La vérité a triomphé".  Le président Habyarimana au micro dit :"Nous avons été attaqué à l'improviste". La réplique est : "Ce language ne tient plus". Habyarimana enchaîne : "Plutôt nous avons été pris au dépourvu. J'ai tout fait mais une partie du pays a été conquis comme cela se passe dans les autres guerres en Afrique" (dernière page de couverture de Kanguka n° 69 du 6/11/1992).

_________________________________________________________________

Le type en train d'être tabassé est supposé être un Inkotanyi du FPR. Alors que l'homme à la cravate dit : "Casses lui la tête c'est un Inkotanyi", l'autre répond :"Cet homme je le connais, c'est un voisin, ce n'est pas un Inkotanyi" (Kanguka n° 57 du 27/04/1992).

_________________________________________________________________

L'homme politique du MDR dit à ses adhérants :"Faire de la politique avec Habyarimana, ce n'est pas facile. Il va nous battre dans les éléctions. Même la Conférence nationale (Rukokoma) va se retourner contre nous". L'un des adhérants lui manifeste ses inquiétudes car c'est en lui qu'il fondait ses espoirs et s'étonne de ce qu'il a de la trouille. Son camarade dit :"Je vais regagner le MRND renové, ailleurs, rien ne va" (Kangura n° 21 d'août 1991, p.12).

_________________________________________________________________

La caricature fustige la corruption qui était pratiquée dans l'expropriation pour des parcelles cadastrales à Kigali. Le fonctionnaire dit à la vieille femme : "Je vais marquer que ta hutte vaut 500.000 francs rwandais. Quand tu aurs la somme, on va la partager" (Umurwanashyaka n° 10 d'août 1991, p.19).

_________________________________________________________________

Le journal Umurangi, proche du parti d'opposition MDR, pensait qu'à un certain moment il y avait des chicanes au sein des ténors du parti MRND notamment entre le Colonel Nsekalije et Mme Karwera Spérantie. On voit Nsekalije menaçant Karwera insolemment en lui pointant rageusement le doigt (Umurangi n° 002 du 19 octobre 1991, p.2).

Le journal Kangura soupçonnait Jean Pierre Mugabe, propriétaire du journal "Le Tribun du Peuple" d'être un infiltré du FPR dans le MDR. Il le comparait à une chauve-souris; le terme traduit en Kinyarwanda symbolise un opportuniste. C'était en été 1991. Cela s'est réalisé car Mugabe n'a pas tardé à rejoindre le FPR (Kangura n° 21 d'août 1991, p.12).

_________________________________________________________________

En 1991, il a été introdut au Rwanda un impôt sur le chiffre d'Affaires (I.CH.A). Il était appliqué sur tout produit acheté. Les prix ont alors flambé. La commerçante dit à la vielle : "Le savon coûte 40 FRW plus 10 FRW pour l'I.CH.A. La vieille, qui n'y comprenait rien, comme d'ailleurs la majorité de Rwandais,  dit : "Laisse cette gazelle (ISHA), car je n'ai plus les dents pour manger de la viande" (Umurwanashyaka n° 11 de septemebre 1991, p. 18).

_________________________________________________________________

Le journal Umurwanashyaka n°11 de septembre 1991 (p. 3) se pose des questions sur les propos du parti PL. D'un côté, il soutient  la compétence et non l'équilibre dans l'octroi des postes de responsabilité. De l'autre, il réclame que ces postes soient partagés avec les agresseurs.

_________________________________________________________________

Donat Murego dans un meeting du MDR. Dans son discours, il rappelle que son parti a été toujours du côté de la population et qu'en 1973, il été radié abusivement. Les militants désaprouvent ces propos (Umurwanashayaka n° 12 de septembre 1991, p. 12).

_________________________________________________________________

Critique du premier meeting du parti MDR. Eliézer Niyitegeka, présenté en footballeur, dit, après ce meeting, que son parti a déjà gagné un sur zéro (Umurwanashayaka n° 10 d'août 1991, 1^ère page de couverture).

__________________________________________________________________

Sur la caricature on voit Dismas Nsengiyaremye, alors Premier Ministre dire : "On va détroner Kinani (Habyarimana) par la démocratie". S'adressant au militaire à ses côtés, il dit :"En attendant le résultat des négociations, stoppe l'avancée du FPR et montre lui que le Rwanda a des jeunes qu'on peut mobiliser pour combattre". Quant aux combattants du FPR en armes, ils détruisent tout à leur passage et souhaitent le départ des Français (Umurangi n° 10 du 22 août 1992, p.10).

_________________________________________________________________

L'homme dit : "Je me donne l'objectif de sauver la justie dans le lac Kivu" (Umurwanashyaka n° 12 septembre 1991, p.18).

_________________________________________________________________

La caricature montre Faustin Twagiramungu sur un ring défendant son idée de la Conference nationale "Rukokoma" (Umurwanashyaka n°11 de septembre 1991, 4^ème page de couverture).

_________________________________________________________________

En 1991, en pleine guerre, le journal pro-MRND UMURWANASHYAKA relevait une entente tacite entre les partis MDR et PL. La caricature montre Habyarimana dire à aux responsables des ces deux partis :"Aidez-moi à faire comprendre à nos agresseurs qu'ils doivent rentrer en paix sans tirer sur la population civile". Les autres répondent : "C'est ton affaire; nous avec les Inkotanyi, nous voulons la Conférence Nationale" (Umurwanashyaka n° 12 de septembre 1991, 1ère page de couverture).

_________________________________________________________________

Le Kubohoza est une pratique initiée par le parti MDR et consistant à faire adhérer par force des personnes dans cette formation politique. Le journal UMURWANASHYAKA caricature le commerçant Ngombwa de la commune Sake (Kibungo). Il est en train de soudoyer ses acolytes pour les actions de violence envers les adhérants du MRND (Umurwanashyaka n° 11 de septembre 1991, 11).

_________________________________________________________________

Justin Mugenzi, Président du PL, en route pour rencontrer les agresseurs du Rwanda. Il dit : "Je vais rencontrer ceux qui attaquent le Rwanda et vous verrez que la guerre va s'arrêter au lieu de passer le temps à dénoncer Museveni". Les victimes de la guerre se demandent pourquoi il fait cavalier seul (Umurwanashayaka n° 11 de septembre 1991, 1^ère page de couverture).

Faustin Twagiramungu fut un opposant politique redoutable au Président Habyarimana. Il était partisan de la tenue d'une Conférence nationale (Rukokoma). Le journal pro-MRND lui prête les propos : "La conférence nationale est nécessaire. Si elle ne se tient pas, ni moi ni Eliézer, personne d'entre nous ne peut avoir un poste car nous avons été découverts" (Umurwanashayaka n° 11 de septembre 1991, p.8).

_________________________________________________________________

Les petits mendiants brandissent Rukokoma (Conférence nationale) pour obtenir quelque chose de Faustin Twagiramungu qui en avait fait son dada. ll leur répond : "Ne vous en faites pas, je vais la réclamer pour vous". Le journal insinue qu'alors qu'il n'a rien donné à ces mendiants affamés, il leur promet Rukokoma (Umurwanashayaka n° 12 de septembre 1991, p.22).

_________________________________________________________________

Au Rwanda, la guerre a séparé certains couples mixtes hutu-tutsi. La caricature montre un homme reprochant à sa femme de de l'avoir menti et même de l'avoir trahi. La femme répond :"Je ne t'ai pas menti, tu t'es trompé toi-même et tu t'es trompé sur ma personne. Je ne peux pas accepter que mes frères restent indéfinement dans l'exil". Le domestique dit à l'homme : "Que cela te serve de leçon. Tu as pris une foudre dans ta maison. Comment as-tu pensé à aller demander la main dans une famille qui n'est pas de votre rang" (Republika n°6 du 22 septembre 1991, p. 12).

_________________________________________________________________

Le journal pro-MRND Umurwanashyaka montrant Ikimazanye, cadre du parti PSD, distribuant des massues cloutées aux adhérants de son parti. Le premier les prend, les suivants refusent et désaprouvent cette incitation à la violence (Umurwanashyaka  n° 12 de septembre 1991, p.3).

 

_________________________________________________________________

Après le déclenchement de la guerre en octobre 1990, le Président Habyarimana a eu beaucoup de rencontres avec le Président Museveni qui soutenait les agresseurs du Rwanda, pour voir comment arrêter la guerre. Habyarimana a été roulé jusqu'à la dernière minute par un discours apaisant de Museveni.
Le titre de la caricature est : "Museveni se bat pour pour un morceau de pâte dans le panier". Habyarimana dit à son collègue : "Vous nous avez pris une partie du pays. Maintenant vous voulez nous prendre aussi même la partie restante". Museveni lui dit : "La vérité c'est la force, car notre amitié n'est pas sincère" (caricature Umuranga n° 37 du 30 juillet 1991, p. 1).

________________________________________________________________

Le journal pro-MDR symbolise les Interahamwe par un gros serpent en train de dévorer sa proie. La caricature prête aux adhérants du MRND des mots comme : "Si par chance quelqu'un emmenait la ministre Agathe Uwilingiyimana ici  pour qu'elle soit croquée  par ce reptile (Umurangi n° 10 du 22/7/1992, p.11).
_________________________________________________________________

Avec le déclenchement de la guerre en octobre 1990 par le tandem FPR-NRA, les journaux de l'époque, proches du FPR, ont prétendu que le Président rwandais d'alors Juvénal Habyarimana, était de connivence avec le Commandant Fred Rwigema, Chef des agresseurs, que leur rencontre avait eu lieu à l'Hotel Rebero L'Horizon appartenant aux Habyarimana, en septembre 1987. Cette caricature a été tirée du journal "Rwanda Rushya spécial" n° 21 d'avril 1992, p. 10. Le journal "Le Tribun du Peuple" avait publié la même caricature dans son numéro spécial de la même période, à la page 3. Le journal "La griffe" avait fait la même chose dans son numéro du 16 mai 1992 à la page 3.

_________________________________________________________________

Voulant détendre l'atmosphère devant un parterre de journalistes, le Président Habyarimana lance : "Je suis l'Insurpassable qui a résisté aux scélérats et aux traîtres". On voit ses supporters l'encourageait par des holàs de "Continue, continue…". Le vieil homme à la pipe qui entend cela à la radio dit : "Cet homme est gavé dans l'opulence. Au moment où la population est sous les bombardements, lui, il chante ses hauts faits". Le journaliste conclut :"Se qualifier d'Insurpassable ne va pas nécessairement arrêter la guerre" (Kanguka n° 61 du 30/6/1992, p.9).

_________________________________________________________________

Le journal KANGUKA était d'avis que la guerre menée par le FPR contre le Rwanda était une épreuve de plus que devait surmonter le Président Habyarimana. Ici, on le voit gravir une montagne avec une lourde croix, suivi par des adhérants du MRND, son parti. Le journal lui prête les mots : "Je crois fermement que le Bon Dieu donne des épreuves aux gens mais leur donne aussi les moyens de s'en tirer" (Kanguka n° 57 du 27/04/1992)

_________________________________________________________________

Frodouald Karamira était un opposant politique au Président Habyarimana. Il était du Mouvement Démocratique Républicain (MDR). Le journal pro-MRND "Umurwanashayaka" présente F. Karamira du haut de son immeuble et lui prête les mots  : "Dans ce Rwanda, nous les commerçants, nous avons toutes les peines du monde". Et il enchaîne :"Cet immeuble, je l'ai construit après que mes genoux eussent été écorchés à force de m'agenouiller devant les autorités". Le vieux lui répond ironiquement : "C'est vrai! Tes genoux sont écorchés!" (Umurwanashyaka, 12 août 1991).