"Impamvu ziteshya agaciro (= éléments injustes) by'icyaha cya jenoside. [https://www.juristude.com/element-legal-de-l-infraction-penal]
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"That spark (of genocide) arrived at about 8pm on 6 April 1994, when rockets fired from positions close to Kigali airport shot down Habyarimana's plane as it was preparing to land. The next morning, frantic Hutu militia groups, convinced that the Nilotic apocalypse was at hand, launched a ferocious attack against their Tutsi neighbors."
"Itangizwa rya jenoside (ubu bizwi neza ko ryakozwe'ingabo z'Abatutsi) ryabaye mu masaa mbiri za nimigoroba tariki ya 06/04/1994 igihe ibisasu, byarasariwe hafi y'ikibuga cy'indege cya Kanombe, byashwanyaguje indege yarimo Perezida w'u Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana irikwitegura kugwa. Mu gitondo cyakurikiyeho, amatsinda y'insoresore z'abahutu zumvaga ko imperuka yabo itangijwe n'Abanilotike (= Abatutsi) batangira gutera abaturanyi babo b'Abatutsi" bagamije kubatsembatsemba.
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/sep/12/americas-secret-role-in-the-rwandan-genocide
Mu ijambo rimwe, ubwoba ko Abatutsi batangije imperuka y'Abahutu n'impamvu yemewe n'amategeko ko icyaha abo Bahutu bakoze, bagitewe n'ubwo bwoba, batagombye kukiryozwa. Ubwo bwoba bukabije, iyo bigaragaye ko bwaribufite ishingiro, ni imwe mu mpamvu ziteshya icyaha agaciro kacyo.
Mbere yo gusesengura impamvu ziteshya agaciro icyaha icyo ari cyo cyose, reka tubanze twibutse ko hariho n'impamvu nyoroshya cyaha (= circonstances atténuantes de l'infraction) nko kuba umwana muto, umusazi, kwemera icyaha, gusaba imbabazi, kurega uwo mwagikoranye, kwibeshya..., zishyobora gutuma igihano kigabanuka cyangwa kikavanwaho. Izi mpamvu nyoroshya cyaha ntabwo tuzitindeho kuko zumvikana.
Gusa ku bijyanye na jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda, ni ngombwa kumenya ko ziriya mpamvu nyoroshya cyaha ntacyo zamariye abana, abasazi, ... b'Abahutu kuko Leta ya Paul Kagame yakoresheje uburyo buziguye maze ibahana yihanukiriye. Bizwi neza ko Leta ya Paul Kagame yatandukanyije imfubyi, bityo ifasha iz'Abatutsi gusa naho iz'Abahutu zikicwa n'inzara n'umukeno, ndetse n'izarokotse ntizishobore nibura kwiga gusoma no kwandika. Byongeye kandi, hafi y'babyeyi b'Abahutu bose barafunzwe, kandi benshi muri bo bazira ubusa, ku buryo abana babo basigaye birera, mbese nk'umwana w'imyaka 10 akarera barumuna be 4 bafite imyaka 8, 6, 4 n'ibiri .
Muri iki gice, nkuko umutwe wacyo ubyerekana, turibanda ku mpamvu zitesha agaciro icyaha cya jenside. Bisobanura ko iyo izo mpamvu zigaragajwe uregwa, icyaha icyo ari cyo cyose, agomba kugirwa umwere akarekurwa.
Impamvu iteshya agaciro icyaha bivuga iki? Bivuga ko icyaha ubusanzwe gihanwa n'itegeko gifatwa nk'uburengazira bw'umuntu wagikoze (= un droit légitime) igihe bigagara ko yakoze icyo cyaha agamije kwirengera cyangwa yagikoze kiri mu nshingano ze. Ukudahanwa k'umuntu wakoze icyo cyaha biterwa n'uko yagikoze bitamuturutseho.
Impamvu ziteshya agaciro icyaha (cya jenoside) ni eshatu:
- Kwirengera/ kwirwanaho (= légitime défense).
Amategeko avuga, ko "iyo umuntu ku giti cye arimo guhohoterwa cyangwa akabona undi muntu ariguhohoterwa, mu gihe iryo hohoterwa ririgukorwa, ashobora gukora igikorwa cyo kwirengera cyangwa cyo kurengera undi muntu uri guhohoterwa. Uwo muntu wirengeye cyangwa warengeye undi muntu ntashobora kuryozwa icyo gikorwa keretse yakoresheje ingufu z'umurengera".
Urugero. Iyo umuntu agutunze imbunda nawe uyifite, ugatekereza ko ashaka kukwica n'uko wowe ukamutanda ukamurasa agapfa ntabwo wagombye kubihanirwa. Ni muri urwo rwego kandi impunzi zariye imyumbati y'abakongomani ntacyaha na zo zakoze kuko zirwanagaho. Iyo zitayiba ngo ziyirye zagomba kwica n'inzara.
Ibikandi birebana n'icyaha cya jenoside. Iyo ubwoko runaka bufashe intwaro bugatera ubundi bwoko bugambiriye kubutsembatsemba, ubwoko bwatewe na bwo bufite uburenganzira bwo kwirengera butsembatsemba ubwoko bwabuteye.
Ku birebana na jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda, ikabazo gikomeye, abantu bagomba gutekerezaho ni ukumenya niba jenoside yakorewe abatutsi itarabaye mu ntambara yarishamiranyije ubwoko bw'Abahutu buyobowe na Habyarimana- Sindikubwabo Vs ubwoko bw'Abatutsi buyobowe na Paul Kagame. Gusa uhereye ku magambo Perezida Paul Kagame na Minisitiri w'ingabo James Kabarebe bavuze, ko "u Rwanda rwasubiranye benerwo... mu 1994", ukamenya n'uko itambara yagenze (leba linki ya 1 hepfo aha), nta gushidikanya kwagombye kubaho ko muri 1990 – 1994 ubwoko bw'Abatutsi bwateje intambara ku bwoko bw'Abahutu kandi bukayitsinda.
Ikibazo rero ni iki: Mbese ko ari ihame ko ingabo z'Abatutsi zatangiye intambara zitsembatsemba ubwoko bw'Abahutu (linki ya 2), na Minisitiri w'intebe Yohani Kambanda akemeza ko ubwoko bw'Abatutsi bwaribushigikiye uwo mugambi wa Paul Kagame wo gutsembatsemba ubwoko bw'Abahutu (linki ya 3), uko gutsembwa k'ubwoko bw'Abahutu kukaba kwarabayeho koko nk'uko Loni ibyemeza muri "maping report" (linki ya 4)..., mbese ubwoko bw'Abahutu nta burenganzira bwaribufite bwo kwirwanaho na bwo butsembatsemba ubwoko bw'Abatutsi?
Nkuko tumaze kubibona rero, kwirengera no kwirwanaho ugakora icyaha kugirango urengere ubuzima bwawe cyangwa ubuzima bw'undi muntu uri kurenganwa ni ngombwa kandi byemewe n'amategeko. Uku kwirengera cyangwa kwirwanaho ukora icyaha ni na ngombwa kandi byemewe n'amategeko iyo ugikoze w'ubahiriza itegeko ryanditswe cyangwA ubitegetswe n'umuyobozi wawe. Ibi birumvikana kuko bisanzwe bizwi neza ko "amategeko aruta amabuye kuremera" kandi n'Ijambo ry'Imana rikaba ryemeza ko "udatinya umwami inkota izamurya".
- Kubahiriza itegeko ryanditswe cyangwa uhawe n'umutegetsi wawe (= ordre de la loi ou de l'autorité légitime).
Amategeko avuga ko "Nta muntu ushobora kuryozwa igikorwa yakoze cyemewe n'itegeko ryáanditswe n'inama ishinga amategeko (= parlement) cyangwa ubundi butegetsi bwa Leta (= pouvoir exécutif)". "Nta muntu ushobora kuryozwa igikorwa yakoze abitegetswe, mu magambo, n'umuyobozi we, keretse gusa iyo icyo gikorwa gihanwa n'itegeko ryáanditswe n'inama ishinga amategeko cyangwa ubundi butegetsi bwa Leta".
Urugero. Abantu bategetswe n'Amerika kumanika Sadam Hussen kandi ari umwere, nta cyaha bakoze.
Aba bagabo bategetswe n'Amerika kumanika Sadam Hussein nta cyaha barigukora.
Twavuga iki ku cyaha cya jenoside? Tubanze twibuke ko jenoside ari icyaha gikorwa na Leta cyangwa abandi bayobozi b'amatsinda y'abantu afite ingufu n'ubuyobozi nk'ubwa Leta. Ni ukuvuga ko Leta cyangwa abo bayobozi ari bo bagitekereza, bakagitegura hanyuma bagategeka abo bayobora kugishyira mu ngiro.
None ikibazo cy'ingorabahizi ni iki: Mbese Leta ubwayo (= guverinoma) itegetse umuturage wayo kwica umuntu runaka yabyanga? Mbese uwo muturage aba afite uburyo n'ubushobozi bwo kwanga kumwica. Abyanze se byamugendekera bite? (...) Dufate urugero. Mbese nk'ubu Perezida Paul Kagame cyangwa jenerali Ibingira agutegetse kwica umuhutu w'inzirakangane wiswe na Leta yabo "igiterahamwe cy'ikijenosideri" wakwanga kumwica niyo waba uzi neza ko yakugiriye neza kandi arengana?
Ku bijyanye na jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda rero, aya mategeko tumaze kubona aha haraguru agaragaza neza ko abahutu bagera 2.000.000 bajyanwe imbere y'inkiko za Gacaca, bagahamwa n'icyaha batagambiriye gukora, batanateguye... ahubwo bategetswe na Leta gukora bahowe ubusa na Leta ya Paul Kagame.
Kuki aya mategeko ya Leta ya Sindikubwabo yirengagijwe na Leta ya Paul Kagame?
"Two days later, on April 19, the interim president and prime minister traveled to Butare to deliver a message: those who were not prepared to "work," a euphemism for "kill," would not be tolerated. (…) a common threat from the authorities was "kill or be killed."'
[http://center..theparentscircle.org/images/4ed358b25c9a41fbb8e7bc51ece435f8.pdf] [http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140401-genocide-rwandais-proces-justice-gacaca-tpir-]
Byumvikane neza. Leta n'ingufu zayo zose ntishobora kuyoberwa amategeko ku buryo yahamya abantu bangana kuriya icyaha... izi neza ko batagambiriye batanateguye, icyaha izi neza ko bategetswe n'inzego za Leta, n'igufu zayo zose, kugikora.
Ni ukuvuga ko ibyo Leta ya Paul Kagame yakoreye ubwoko bw'Abahutu yabikoze yabigambiriye: kwambura Abahutu agateka ka muntu, kubabuza uburenganzira bwo kuba abenegihugu buzuye nk'Abatutsi, kubagira ibicibwa (kuko nta muntu wahamwa n'icyaha cya jenoside ngo yongera kubonwa na rubanda nk'umuntu) no kubagira abaja n'abacakara b'Abatutsi.
Nkuko tumaze kubibona, jenoside n'icyaha kigambirirwa kandi kigategurwa n'abategetsi, hanyuma abo batetsi bagaha amategeko abo bategeka kugishyira mu ngiro, kandi abo bagishyira mu ngiro bakaba nta bushobozi bafite bwo kwanga kugikora. Mu by'ukuri abatekwa kwica, cyangwa abica kugirango barengere ubuzima bwabo ngo na bo baticwa nta cyaha baba bafite.
Ikindi kandi tugomba kwongeraho ni uko ku byabaye mu Rwanda, amategeko yo kwica abatutsi yahabwaga Abahutu yasaga naho "yahagurutsaga n'ubundi uwabyukaga" kubere ubwoba bwo kurimburwa n'Abatutsi baribisanganiwe, uhereye ku mateka n'intambara yarigamije, nkuko byagaragaraga mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda, gutsembatsemba Abahutu nyine. Bityo na bo bakaba barumvaga ko gutsembatsemba Abatutsi ari ngombwa.
- Gukora icyaha kubera ko ubona ari ngombwa (= état de nécessité).
Amategeko avuga ko "Nta muntu ushobora kuryozwa icyaha yakoze agitewe n'ibyago bikomeye arimo cyangwa bimwugarije we ku giticye cyangwa biri kuba ku bandi bantu cyangwa bibugarije". Aha, gukora icyaha kuko umuntu abona ari ngombwa (= état de nécessité) bigomba kumvikana ko bitandukanye no gukora igikorwa cyo kwirengera (= légitime défense). Mu gihe umuntu yirengera akirwanaho (= légitime défense) kubera igikorwa kimwe kibi kirikumugirirwaho, umuntu akora icyaha kuko abona ari ngombwa kugikora (= état de nécessité) kubera yumva araba akoze neza gusumbya kutagikora.
Urugero rwumvikana neza cyane ni urwa Paul Kagame wakoze icyaha, yumva ko cyoroshye, cyo kwicisha abatutsi bari mu Rwanda mu 1994 kugira ngo atsinde intambara, abatutsi baribarahunze batahuke kandi, nibagira amahirwe, baziharire ubutegetsi ibihe bidashira n'Abahutu bongere babe abagaragu babo.
Burumvikana rero ko ukora icyaha abona ko ari ngombwa aba afite guhitamo: kutagikora ntagire icyaba no kugikora kubera inyungu zikomeye abona mu kugikora. Iyi ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru benshi mu Batutsi, harimo n'abacikacumu, bumva Paul Kagame ari umwere kuko, nubwo yatanze abatutsi ho ibitambo
[http://www.therwandan.com/ki/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2017/07/Igitabo-UKO-PAUL-KAGAME-YATANZEHO-ABATUTSI-IBITAMBO.pdf,] abarokotse n'abatahutse bishimiye ko yabagaruriye ubutegetsi busa n'ubwami bwa mbere ya 1959, ubutegetsi bwakoze ku buryo Abahutu barokotse baba barubebe, bagenda babebera, bagenda bigengesereya ngo badakandagira amagi bagakoma rutenderi bityo bakaregwa ingengabitekerezo...
Nyuma yo gusobanukirwa ibikorwa byo kugambirira, gutegura no guteganya uko ibikorwa byo gutsembatsemba itsinda ry'abantu rirengerwa n'Itegeko rya Loni, turarebera hamwe icyo gutsembatsemba bivuga n'uko bikorwa."
