[RwandaLibre] Rapidly Vanishing Species Could Lead To Earth's 'Sixth Great Extinction'

 

Rapidly Vanishing Species Could Lead To Earth's 'Sixth Great Extinction'

RedOrbit - 19 hours ago
May 31, 2014


Image Caption: Okapi have been undergoing a decline since at least
1995 that is ongoing and projected to continue, in the face of severe,
intensifying threats and lack of effective conservation action.
Credit: Thinkstock.com

redOrbit Staff & Wire Reports – Your Universe Online

Plant and animal species are becoming extinct at rates more than 1,000
times more quickly than they did before the arrival of humans,
indicating that the Earth could be edging closer to a sixth great
extinction, according to a new study published May 30 in the journal
Science.

In the study, Duke University biologist Stuart Pimm and his colleagues
examined both past and present rates of extinction using the IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species and related resources. While performing
their review, the researchers discovered that the historical
extinction rate was lower than scientists had originally believed.

As a result of their investigation, Pimm told Associated Press (AP)
Science Writer Seth Borenstein that his team now believes that species
are dying out globally approximately 10 times more quickly than
biologists had believed. Pimm added that the planet is "on the verge
of the sixth extinction," and that whether or not it can be avoided
"will depend on our actions."

The new research, which Borenstein said is being hailed as a landmark
study by the scientific community, focuses specifically on the
extinction rate and not the actual number of species vanishing from
the planet. The authors calculated a "death rate" of species that
become extinct annually out of one million unique species.

"Calculating extinction rates can be difficult, in part because no one
knows exactly how many species there are," explained Christine
Dell'Amore of National Geographic. Experts have managed to identify at
least 1.9 million animal species, and the study reported that there
are at least 450,000 types of plants in existence, she added.

Pimm told Dell'Amore that conservationists are able to calculate the
extinction rate of those species by tracking how many of them die out
each year, similar to the technique used to determine a country's
mortality rate. Based on that approach, the study authors determined
that between 100 and 1,000 species were lost per million per year,
primarily due to climate change and habitat destruction resulting from
human causes.

The investigators used a different method to calculate the extinction
rate from before the evolution of the modern human. They reviewed
fossil record data and took note of when species disappeared, then
used statistical modeling to fill in holes in the records, Dell'Amore
said. Those efforts revealed that less than one species out of every
million became extinct annually in the time before modern humans
evolved, she added.

One of the species at risk is the buffy-tufted-ear marmoset, a
creature with thick black fur and a perpetually disgruntled look on
its face, explained Washington Post reporter Terrence McCoy. The
marmoset once resided in the jungles of Brazil, but tremendous
increases in human population led to extensive destruction of its
habitat for agricultural purposes, placing the species in grave
danger.

The study also helped clarify the locations of the most vulnerable
species, as well as where and how people cause changes to the
environment and what role that plays in extinctions, McCoy said. Pimm
and his associates report that many land-based species are distributed
throughout regions smaller than the state of Delaware, and that these
creatures are "geographically concentrated and are disproportionately
likely to be threatened or already extinct."

"Five times, a vast majority of the world's life has been snuffed out
in what have been called mass extinctions, often associated with giant
meteor strikes," Borenstein said. "About 66 million years ago, one
such extinction killed off the dinosaurs and three out of four species
on Earth. Around 252 million years ago, the Great Dying snuffed out
about 90 percent of the world's species."

Fortunately, Pimm and his colleagues said there is still hope, thanks
largely to the use of smartphones and other types of technology that
can help biologists, other scientists and even conservation-minded
citizens locate plant and animal species that are in trouble. Once
they are detected, scientists can attempt to protect habitats and use
techniques such as captive breeding in order to preserve the
threatened plants and animals.

Source: redOrbit Staff & Wire Reports - Your Universe Online

http://www.google.ca/gwt/x?gl=CA&hl=en-CA&u=http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113159278/extinction-event-may-be-closer-than-you-think-053114/&source=s&q=%3FRapidly+Vanishing+Species+Could+Lead+To+Earth%27s+%27Sixth+Great+Extinction%27+redOrbit+-+Science

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[RwandaLibre] Rapidly Vanishing Species Could Lead To Earth's 'Sixth Great Extinction'

 

Rapidly Vanishing Species Could Lead To Earth's 'Sixth Great Extinction'

RedOrbit - 19 hours ago
May 31, 2014


Image Caption: Okapi have been undergoing a decline since at least
1995 that is ongoing and projected to continue, in the face of severe,
intensifying threats and lack of effective conservation action.
Credit: Thinkstock.com

redOrbit Staff & Wire Reports – Your Universe Online

Plant and animal species are becoming extinct at rates more than 1,000
times more quickly than they did before the arrival of humans,
indicating that the Earth could be edging closer to a sixth great
extinction, according to a new study published May 30 in the journal
Science.

In the study, Duke University biologist Stuart Pimm and his colleagues
examined both past and present rates of extinction using the IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species and related resources. While performing
their review, the researchers discovered that the historical
extinction rate was lower than scientists had originally believed.

As a result of their investigation, Pimm told Associated Press (AP)
Science Writer Seth Borenstein that his team now believes that species
are dying out globally approximately 10 times more quickly than
biologists had believed. Pimm added that the planet is "on the verge
of the sixth extinction," and that whether or not it can be avoided
"will depend on our actions."

The new research, which Borenstein said is being hailed as a landmark
study by the scientific community, focuses specifically on the
extinction rate and not the actual number of species vanishing from
the planet. The authors calculated a "death rate" of species that
become extinct annually out of one million unique species.

"Calculating extinction rates can be difficult, in part because no one
knows exactly how many species there are," explained Christine
Dell'Amore of National Geographic. Experts have managed to identify at
least 1.9 million animal species, and the study reported that there
are at least 450,000 types of plants in existence, she added.

Pimm told Dell'Amore that conservationists are able to calculate the
extinction rate of those species by tracking how many of them die out
each year, similar to the technique used to determine a country's
mortality rate. Based on that approach, the study authors determined
that between 100 and 1,000 species were lost per million per year,
primarily due to climate change and habitat destruction resulting from
human causes.

The investigators used a different method to calculate the extinction
rate from before the evolution of the modern human. They reviewed
fossil record data and took note of when species disappeared, then
used statistical modeling to fill in holes in the records, Dell'Amore
said. Those efforts revealed that less than one species out of every
million became extinct annually in the time before modern humans
evolved, she added.

One of the species at risk is the buffy-tufted-ear marmoset, a
creature with thick black fur and a perpetually disgruntled look on
its face, explained Washington Post reporter Terrence McCoy. The
marmoset once resided in the jungles of Brazil, but tremendous
increases in human population led to extensive destruction of its
habitat for agricultural purposes, placing the species in grave
danger.

The study also helped clarify the locations of the most vulnerable
species, as well as where and how people cause changes to the
environment and what role that plays in extinctions, McCoy said. Pimm
and his associates report that many land-based species are distributed
throughout regions smaller than the state of Delaware, and that these
creatures are "geographically concentrated and are disproportionately
likely to be threatened or already extinct."

"Five times, a vast majority of the world's life has been snuffed out
in what have been called mass extinctions, often associated with giant
meteor strikes," Borenstein said. "About 66 million years ago, one
such extinction killed off the dinosaurs and three out of four species
on Earth. Around 252 million years ago, the Great Dying snuffed out
about 90 percent of the world's species."

Fortunately, Pimm and his colleagues said there is still hope, thanks
largely to the use of smartphones and other types of technology that
can help biologists, other scientists and even conservation-minded
citizens locate plant and animal species that are in trouble. Once
they are detected, scientists can attempt to protect habitats and use
techniques such as captive breeding in order to preserve the
threatened plants and animals.

Source: redOrbit Staff & Wire Reports - Your Universe Online

http://www.google.ca/gwt/x?gl=CA&hl=en-CA&u=http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113159278/extinction-event-may-be-closer-than-you-think-053114/&source=s&q=%3FRapidly+Vanishing+Species+Could+Lead+To+Earth%27s+%27Sixth+Great+Extinction%27+redOrbit+-+Science

--
SIBOMANA Jean Bosco
Google+: https://plus.google.com/110493390983174363421/posts
YouTube Channel: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9B4024D0AE764F3D
http://www.youtube.com/user/sibomanaxyz999
***Online Time:15H30-20H30, heure de Montréal.***Fuseau horaire domestique:
heure normale de la côte Est des Etats-Unis et Canada (GMT-05:00)***

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[AfricaWatch] Former Rwandan rebels commence new life | eNCA

 

http://www.enca.com/africa/former-rwandan-rebels-commence-new-life

Former Rwandan rebels commence new life

Africa

1 June 2014

UN peacekeepers stand alongside local residents as they look at members of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (DFLR) rebel group boarding a bus to go to the UN cantonnement camp in Kanyabayonga after a weapons surrender ceremony on May 30. Picture: AFP

KANYABAYONGA, DRC - In a huge hangar covered in white tarp, nearly a hundred rebels from a group linked to the 1994 Rwandan genocide were preparing Saturday for a new start.

Welcomed to the UN's camp in Kanyabayonga, in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo, with a bowl of gruel and a promise of help to return home or claim asylum, the men handed over their guns and weaponry.

Hutu members of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), the rebels are remnants of a group accused of participating in the killing of at least 800,000 ethnic Tutsis during the country's genocide, according to the UN.

Some 20 years on from the massacres, 105 men, most of them young, surrendered on Friday at a grammar school in the DRC's North Kivu province.

By Saturday the group were at the UN's hillside camp north of provincial capital, Goma, surrounded by corn fields and eucalyptus trees.

"We arrived a bit late," Major Jean-Pierre Faustin Mugisha, one of the commanders of the rebels, said. "We were put up, and in the morning, given a bowl of gruel and something to drink. We have been well received."

The delay was apparently to do with some last-minute details: the rebels did not want to leave without their families.

"Our dependents should come as well," said Major Mugisha, a fighter in his forties somewhat older than many in his group. "We are going to fulfil (our commitments) but we want our families to join us."

After some negotiations, it was decided their wives and children would join them on Sunday.

After so many years on the run, it was only a minor hold-up.

North Kivu governor Julien Paluku said Friday that the surrender was the first step in a process which should be wound up "within 22 days", with the ex-rebels given a choice to return to Rwanda or ask for political asylum.

The UN mission in DRC (MONUSCO) has welcomed the rebels' surrender, but cautioned that it would take time to see if the movement was serious about disarming.

In the end, only 97 of the 105 men who had handed themselves in on Friday boarded the lorries to take them to the UN camp, but it is hoped that this will be just the "first wave" of defections.

"For the first day, this is a good start, but more can be done," General Abdallah Wafi, MONUSCO's number two, told AFP.

"We are encouraging the process and have mobilised all our [military and logistic] resources but only coming days will tell us if the process is credible and serious."

The FDLR -- whose fighters have been refugees in the east of the DRC since 1994 -- is today much weakened, numbering 1,500 combatants according to the United Nations, although Kigali gives a figure of 4,000.

The rebels are scattered across Kivu province, where they have been accused of widespread violence and rights abuses.

Previous attempts to settle the FDLR problem have failed, but in April the group said it wanted to "devote itself to the political struggle" in Rwanda.

It said it had no intention of starting conflicts or creating insecurity in Rwanda, but the government there has refused to enter into any form of dialogue.

On Saturday, a spokesman for Joseph Kabila, the president of the DRC, called the "voluntary disarmament" of the rebels a sign that the country was "on the right track" in terms of tackling various conflicts in the country.

Kabila, the spokesman said, now "wants to make up for time lost to war, sedition and destruction".

Some locals say that of late, the FDLR have behaved better, living "peacefully" and cohabiting with the local population.

Maskia Espe, who runs a restaurant in Kanyabayonga, says some of the FDLR are "good", but he welcomed a sign that things might be changing.

"Congo is for the Congolese," he said. "We want them to get help to return" to Rwanda.

Major Mugisha says he wants to go home, but he knows it is complicated.

"The return to Rwanda will depend on the government in Kigali. We want to return, but with dignity. If the government in Rwanda commits to real dialogue, we'll return without any problems, and unarmed," he said.

-AFP

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Former Rwandan rebels commence new life | eNCA

http://www.enca.com/africa/former-rwandan-rebels-commence-new-life

Former Rwandan rebels commence new life

Africa

1 June 2014

UN peacekeepers stand alongside local residents as they look at members of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (DFLR) rebel group boarding a bus to go to the UN cantonnement camp in Kanyabayonga after a weapons surrender ceremony on May 30. Picture: AFP

KANYABAYONGA, DRC - In a huge hangar covered in white tarp, nearly a hundred rebels from a group linked to the 1994 Rwandan genocide were preparing Saturday for a new start.

Welcomed to the UN's camp in Kanyabayonga, in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo, with a bowl of gruel and a promise of help to return home or claim asylum, the men handed over their guns and weaponry.

Hutu members of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), the rebels are remnants of a group accused of participating in the killing of at least 800,000 ethnic Tutsis during the country's genocide, according to the UN.

Some 20 years on from the massacres, 105 men, most of them young, surrendered on Friday at a grammar school in the DRC's North Kivu province.

By Saturday the group were at the UN's hillside camp north of provincial capital, Goma, surrounded by corn fields and eucalyptus trees.

"We arrived a bit late," Major Jean-Pierre Faustin Mugisha, one of the commanders of the rebels, said. "We were put up, and in the morning, given a bowl of gruel and something to drink. We have been well received."

The delay was apparently to do with some last-minute details: the rebels did not want to leave without their families.

"Our dependents should come as well," said Major Mugisha, a fighter in his forties somewhat older than many in his group. "We are going to fulfil (our commitments) but we want our families to join us."

After some negotiations, it was decided their wives and children would join them on Sunday.

After so many years on the run, it was only a minor hold-up.

North Kivu governor Julien Paluku said Friday that the surrender was the first step in a process which should be wound up "within 22 days", with the ex-rebels given a choice to return to Rwanda or ask for political asylum.

The UN mission in DRC (MONUSCO) has welcomed the rebels' surrender, but cautioned that it would take time to see if the movement was serious about disarming.

In the end, only 97 of the 105 men who had handed themselves in on Friday boarded the lorries to take them to the UN camp, but it is hoped that this will be just the "first wave" of defections.

"For the first day, this is a good start, but more can be done," General Abdallah Wafi, MONUSCO's number two, told AFP.

"We are encouraging the process and have mobilised all our [military and logistic] resources but only coming days will tell us if the process is credible and serious."

The FDLR -- whose fighters have been refugees in the east of the DRC since 1994 -- is today much weakened, numbering 1,500 combatants according to the United Nations, although Kigali gives a figure of 4,000.

The rebels are scattered across Kivu province, where they have been accused of widespread violence and rights abuses.

Previous attempts to settle the FDLR problem have failed, but in April the group said it wanted to "devote itself to the political struggle" in Rwanda.

It said it had no intention of starting conflicts or creating insecurity in Rwanda, but the government there has refused to enter into any form of dialogue.

On Saturday, a spokesman for Joseph Kabila, the president of the DRC, called the "voluntary disarmament" of the rebels a sign that the country was "on the right track" in terms of tackling various conflicts in the country.

Kabila, the spokesman said, now "wants to make up for time lost to war, sedition and destruction".

Some locals say that of late, the FDLR have behaved better, living "peacefully" and cohabiting with the local population.

Maskia Espe, who runs a restaurant in Kanyabayonga, says some of the FDLR are "good", but he welcomed a sign that things might be changing.

"Congo is for the Congolese," he said. "We want them to get help to return" to Rwanda.

Major Mugisha says he wants to go home, but he knows it is complicated.

"The return to Rwanda will depend on the government in Kigali. We want to return, but with dignity. If the government in Rwanda commits to real dialogue, we'll return without any problems, and unarmed," he said.

-AFP

[RwandaLibre] Science Alert: Watching porn 'makes men stupid'!

 

Men who watch porn have less brain grey matter
FELICITY NELSON
SATURDAY, 31 MAY 2014

Porn consumption has been linked to differences in the structure and
function of male brains

Image: PornHub

Men who watch porn have significantly less grey matter in their
brains, a new study shows. MRI brain scans of 64 men between 21 and 45
years of age were taken while participants were shown images of porn
and people exercising.

The participants were later requested to provide information about
weekly porn consumption via a phone interview. Every person in the
study volunteered to answer these questions, even though they were not
told that this information would be needed before commencing. The men
had a wide range of porn consumption averaging 4 hours a week.

Men with higher porn consumption had lower grey matter volumes.
Interestingly, when men were shown sexually explicit material during
the MRI scan, the region of the brain associated with motivation
showed reduced activity.

"Our findings indicated that grey matter volume of the right caudate
of the striatum is smaller with higher pornography use,"
researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in
Berlin, Germany told ABC Science.

The study could not show that porn caused men's brains to lose grey
matter. "Future studies should investigate the effects of pornography
longitudinally or expose naive participants to pornography and
investigate the causal effects over time", researchers told ABC
Science.

This research was published this week in the journal JAMA Psychiatry.
Source: ABC Science

http://www.google.ca/gwt/x?gl=CA&hl=en-CA&u=http://www.sciencealert.com.au/news/20143105-25589.html&source=s&q=Men+who+watch+porn+have+less+brain+grey+matter&sa=X&ei=OBqLU-OXGtOqyASxrYKQCg&ved=0CB4QFjAD

Original Investigation | May 28, 2014

Brain Structure and Functional Connectivity Associated With
Pornography Consumption
The Brain on Porn ONLINE FIRST

Simone Kühn, PhD1; Jürgen Gallinat, PhD2,3
[+] Author Affiliations

JAMA Psychiatry. Published online May 28, 2014.
doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.93 Text Size: A A A

Article Figures References Comments

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT | METHODS | RESULTS | DISCUSSION | CONCLUSIONS | ARTICLE
INFORMATION | REFERENCES

Importance Since pornography appeared on the Internet, the
accessibility, affordability, and anonymity of consuming visual sexual
stimuli have increased and attracted millions of users. Based on the
assumption that pornography consumption bears resemblance with
reward-seeking behavior, novelty-seeking behavior, and addictive
behavior, we hypothesized alterations of the frontostriatal network in
frequent users.

Objective To determine whether frequent pornography consumption is
associated with the frontostriatal network.

Design, Setting, and Participants Sixty-four healthy male adults with
a broad range of pornography consumption at the Max Planck Institute
for Human Development in Berlin, Germany, reported hours of
pornography consumption per week. Pornography consumption was
associated with neural structure, task-related activation, and
functional resting-state connectivity.

Main Outcomes and Measures Gray matter volume of the brain was
measured by voxel-based morphometry and resting state functional
connectivity was measured on 3-T magnetic resonance imaging scans.

Results We found a significant negative association between reported
pornography hours per week and gray matter volume in the right caudate
(P < .001, corrected for multiple comparisons) as well as with
functional activity during a sexual cue–reactivity paradigm in the
left putamen (P < .001). Functional connectivity of the right caudate
to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was negatively associated
with hours of pornography consumption.

Conclusions and Relevance The negative association of self-reported
pornography consumption with the right striatum (caudate) volume, left
striatum (putamen) activation during cue reactivity, and lower
functional connectivity of the right caudate to the left dorsolateral
prefrontal cortex could reflect change in neural plasticity as a
consequence of an intense stimulation of the reward system, together
with a lower top-down modulation of prefrontal cortical areas.
Alternatively, it could be a precondition that makes pornography
consumption more rewarding.

Figures in this Article

Figure 1.
Brain Regions and Pornography Consumption
A, Brain region showing a significant negative correlation (r
64 = −0.432, P < .001) between hours of pornography consumption per
week (square rooted) and gray matter volume (Montreal Neurological
Institute coordinates: x = 11, y = 5, z = 3) and the scatterplot
illustrating the correlation. B, Negative correlation between hours of
pornography consumption per week and blood oxygenation level–dependent
signal during sexual cue–reactivity paradigm (sex cue > fixation)
(Montreal Neurological Institute coordinates: x = −24, y = 2, z = 4).
C, Negative correlation between hours of pornography consumption per
week and functional-connectivity map of the right striatum in the left
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Figure 2.
Mediation Analysis
The negative association between gray matter (X) in the right striatum
identified in the voxel-based morphometry analysis and pornography
consumption (Y) is not strongly mediated by the functional
task-related activity in the left striatum (M), showing that
structural, as well as functional, effects contribute independently to
the prediction of pornography consumption.

a, b, ab, and c/c′ indicate path coefficients.aP < .05.bP < .001.

View Large | Save Figure | Download Slide (.ppt) | View in Article Context

http://www.google.ca/gwt/x?gl=CA&source=s&u=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx%3Farticleid%3D1874574&hl=en-CA&ei=dBqLU5aHKuGQsAe4hYDIAw&wsc=yh

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http://www.youtube.com/user/sibomanaxyz999
***Online Time:15H30-20H30, heure de Montréal.***Fuseau horaire domestique:
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Posted by: Jean Bosco Sibomana <sibomanaxyz999@gmail.com>

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