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Saturday, 31 May 2014

[RwandaLibre] The cost of living is higher in Rwanda.

 

Business
Low ARPU hurting Rwandan telecom firms

A Tigo Rwanda telecommunication tower is seen next to an MTN banner in
KIgali. Low Average Revenue per User (ARPU) in Rwanda's telecom
industry is negatively affecting the ultimate profits for operators
compared with other countries in the region. Photo/Cyril Ndegeya
telecommunication tower

By ALEX NGARAMBE Rwanda Today
Posted Friday, May 30 2014 at 19:27

In Summary

Rwanda ARPU of $2 per month was the lowest in the region as Kenya
leads with $6.2 followed by Tanzania and Ugandan at $4.4 and $3.5
respectively. Telecoms are also suffering low business because there
is lower usage of their services by some customers.

The low Average Revenue per User (ARPU) in Rwanda's telecom industry
is negatively affecting the ultimate profits for operators compared
with other countries in the region.

According to ARPU data released last year, Rwanda's $2 per month was
the lowest in the region as Kenya leads with $6.2 followed by Tanzania
and Ugandan at $4.4 and $3.5 respectively.

The low ARPU means that majority of mobile phone users in Rwanda are
low-end subscribers, whose tendency to spend on mobile value added
solutions is low; thereby depressing the effective rate of revenue
realisation per minute for the operators.

With the low propensity to consume the products on the telecom,
operators are finding it difficult to make returns on investments.

Rwanda unlike other countries in the region whose markets have
multiple telecom players, is served by only three operators.

According to the operators, telecom revenue is mostly driven by
pricing and quantity of products offered on the market and Rwanda has
some of the lowest prices in the world.

Telecoms are also suffering low business because there is lower usage
of their services by some customers.

"From an investment perspective, it is always hard to get returns with
low pricing but we are offering low prices because we believe that
will grow our business over long term basis. We can see potential in
future and all these aspects are put into consideration when making
these strategic decisions," said Tongai Maramba, chief executive of
Tigo Rwanda.

However, with the low prices for the products on the market, consumers
are expected to buy in bulk with operators gaining from huge volumes
consumed, which is not the case in Rwanda.

With a high ARPU in regional countries it means that Kenyan, Tanzanian
and Ugandan telecom markets are more profitable than the Rwandan
market.

According to a Deloitte study carried out last year, Kenya's ARPU was
expected to rise to $6.5 this year, $3.7 for Uganda while Tanzania's
was expected to remain unchanged at $4.4. The study did not capture
Rwanda.

"The economy of the country relates to the ARPU in terms of the
disposable income of an individual and although the average GDP per
capita is almost the same across the region, however, the cost of
living is higher in Rwanda," added Mr Tongai.

The cost of living is higher in Rwanda partly because the country is
landlocked, which makes the cost of operations high.

Telecoms have been launching new products to improve revenue generation.

Mr Tongai said the more services the industry shall offer to the
clients, the more revenues and operators need to introduce products
that are relevant to customers.

http://www.google.ca/gwt/x?gl=CA&hl=en-CA&u=http://www.africapressreview.com/link-a%3Fid_syndic_article%3D210931&source=s&q=Low+ARPU+hurting+Rwandan+telecom+firms&sa=X&ei=THGKU8niIMqxsQTVqID4Bg&ved=0CBwQFjAA

Le coup de grâce de l'effondrement du business des telecom au Rwanda
est la cyber-surveillance et l'écoute électronique qui sont
sanctionnées par les lois locales. Je comprends pourquoi nous recevons
très peu de postings, photos et vidéos sur les fora en provenance du
Rwanda. A part évidemment ceux qui font l'éloge du régime, car ils
sont pré-autorisés et pré-payés!

--
SIBOMANA Jean Bosco
Google+: https://plus.google.com/110493390983174363421/posts
YouTube Channel: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9B4024D0AE764F3D
http://www.youtube.com/user/sibomanaxyz999
***Online Time:15H30-20H30, heure de Montréal.***Fuseau horaire domestique:
heure normale de la côte Est des Etats-Unis et Canada (GMT-05:00)***

__._,_.___

Posted by: Jean Bosco Sibomana <sibomanaxyz999@gmail.com>
Reply via web post Reply to sender Reply to group Start a New Topic Messages in this topic (1)
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[RwandaLibre] The cost of living is higher in Rwanda.

 

Business
Low ARPU hurting Rwandan telecom firms

A Tigo Rwanda telecommunication tower is seen next to an MTN banner in
KIgali. Low Average Revenue per User (ARPU) in Rwanda's telecom
industry is negatively affecting the ultimate profits for operators
compared with other countries in the region. Photo/Cyril Ndegeya
telecommunication tower

By ALEX NGARAMBE Rwanda Today
Posted Friday, May 30 2014 at 19:27

In Summary

Rwanda ARPU of $2 per month was the lowest in the region as Kenya
leads with $6.2 followed by Tanzania and Ugandan at $4.4 and $3.5
respectively. Telecoms are also suffering low business because there
is lower usage of their services by some customers.

The low Average Revenue per User (ARPU) in Rwanda's telecom industry
is negatively affecting the ultimate profits for operators compared
with other countries in the region.

According to ARPU data released last year, Rwanda's $2 per month was
the lowest in the region as Kenya leads with $6.2 followed by Tanzania
and Ugandan at $4.4 and $3.5 respectively.

The low ARPU means that majority of mobile phone users in Rwanda are
low-end subscribers, whose tendency to spend on mobile value added
solutions is low; thereby depressing the effective rate of revenue
realisation per minute for the operators.

With the low propensity to consume the products on the telecom,
operators are finding it difficult to make returns on investments.

Rwanda unlike other countries in the region whose markets have
multiple telecom players, is served by only three operators.

According to the operators, telecom revenue is mostly driven by
pricing and quantity of products offered on the market and Rwanda has
some of the lowest prices in the world.

Telecoms are also suffering low business because there is lower usage
of their services by some customers.

"From an investment perspective, it is always hard to get returns with
low pricing but we are offering low prices because we believe that
will grow our business over long term basis. We can see potential in
future and all these aspects are put into consideration when making
these strategic decisions," said Tongai Maramba, chief executive of
Tigo Rwanda.

However, with the low prices for the products on the market, consumers
are expected to buy in bulk with operators gaining from huge volumes
consumed, which is not the case in Rwanda.

With a high ARPU in regional countries it means that Kenyan, Tanzanian
and Ugandan telecom markets are more profitable than the Rwandan
market.

According to a Deloitte study carried out last year, Kenya's ARPU was
expected to rise to $6.5 this year, $3.7 for Uganda while Tanzania's
was expected to remain unchanged at $4.4. The study did not capture
Rwanda.

"The economy of the country relates to the ARPU in terms of the
disposable income of an individual and although the average GDP per
capita is almost the same across the region, however, the cost of
living is higher in Rwanda," added Mr Tongai.

The cost of living is higher in Rwanda partly because the country is
landlocked, which makes the cost of operations high.

Telecoms have been launching new products to improve revenue generation.

Mr Tongai said the more services the industry shall offer to the
clients, the more revenues and operators need to introduce products
that are relevant to customers.

http://www.google.ca/gwt/x?gl=CA&hl=en-CA&u=http://www.africapressreview.com/link-a%3Fid_syndic_article%3D210931&source=s&q=Low+ARPU+hurting+Rwandan+telecom+firms&sa=X&ei=THGKU8niIMqxsQTVqID4Bg&ved=0CBwQFjAA

Le coup de grâce de l'effondrement du business des telecom au Rwanda
est la cyber-surveillance et l'écoute électronique qui sont
sanctionnées par les lois locales. Je comprends pourquoi nous recevons
très peu de postings, photos et vidéos sur les fora en provenance du
Rwanda. A part évidemment ceux qui font l'éloge du régime, car ils
sont pré-autorisés et pré-payés!

--
SIBOMANA Jean Bosco
Google+: https://plus.google.com/110493390983174363421/posts
YouTube Channel: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9B4024D0AE764F3D
http://www.youtube.com/user/sibomanaxyz999
***Online Time:15H30-20H30, heure de Montréal.***Fuseau horaire domestique:
heure normale de la côte Est des Etats-Unis et Canada (GMT-05:00)***

__._,_.___

Posted by: Jean Bosco Sibomana <sibomanaxyz999@gmail.com>
Reply via web post Reply to sender Reply to group Start a New Topic Messages in this topic (1)
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_____________________________________________________

More news:  http://www.amakurunamateka.com ; http://www.ikangurambaga.com ; http://rwandalibre.blogspot.co.uk
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-SVP, considérer  environnement   avant toute  impression de  cet e-mail ou les pièces jointes.
======
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Sponsors:

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http://www.intimitesafricaines.com
http://www.foraha.net
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.

__,_._,___

[RwandaLibre] RDC: l'ONU salue les redditions des FDLR

 

RDC: l'ONU salue les redditions des FDLR

Jeune Afrique - 13 hours ago
31/05/2014 à 11:05 Par AFP     


Des rebelles hutu rwandais dans la fôret de Panga près de Goma en RDC,
le 6 février 2006.© AFP

La Mission de l'ONU en République démocratique du Congo a encouragé un
processus de redditions de combattants hutu rwandais des FDLR commencé
vendredi dans l'est du pays mais a souligné que seul le temps pourrait
déterminer le sérieux de l'initiative.

Réfugiés dans l'est de la RDC depuis 1994, les rebelles des Forces
démocratiques de libération du Rwanda (FDLR) sont accusés d'avoir
participé au génocide des Tutsi, qui a fait au moins 800.000 morts
selon l'ONU. Vendredi, 105 hommes se sont rendus avec 100 armes à
Kateku, localité agricole à environ 220 kilomètres au nord de Goma, la
capitale de la province du Nord-Kivu. "Pour la première journée, c'est
un bon début, mais peut mieux faire", a déclaré à l'AFP le général
Abdallah Wafi, numéro deux de la mission de l'ONU(Monusco).

"Nous encourageons le processus, nous avons mobilisé toutes nos
ressources (militaires et logistiques), mais (...) seuls les jours à
venir vont déterminer la crédibilité et le sérieux du processus. Pour
l'instant, il est trop tôt" pour crier victoire, a-t-il ajouté.

Sur 105 rendus, seuls 97 ont finalement été transférés par la Monusco
à Kanyabahonga, au sud de Kateku. "Certains sont retournés de là où
ils venaient. Même certains ayant des visages connus, ils se sont
éclipsés en douce au moment d'embarquer dans les camions", a expliqué
le général. Parmi les personnes "connues" ayant fait marche arrière,
il a cité le "colonel" Wilson Irategeka, secrétaire exécutif ad
intérim des FDLR, et indiqué que, pour l'heure, ceux qui se sont
rendus comptaient des "officiers subalternes" et pas de grands chefs
recherchés par Kinshasa ou la Cour pénale internationale.

Samedi, la Monusco doit commencer le processus de triage et
d'identification des ex-combattants.

Les FDLR, très affaiblies, comptent environ 1.500 rebelles selon
l'ONU, Kigali avançant le chiffe de 4.000. Elles sont surtout
disséminées dans les Nord- et Sud-Kivu, où elles sont accusées de
graves exactions contre les civils (viols, meurtres, pillages,
enrôlements d'enfants...). L'armée et les Casques bleus promettent
depuis plusieurs mois de les "neutraliser".

http://www.google.ca/gwt/x?gl=CA&hl=en-CA&u=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/DEPAFP20140531110540/onu-fdlr-kivu-monusco-rdc-rwanda-rdc-l-onu-salue-les-redditions-des-fdlr.html&source=s&q=RDC+:+l%27ONU+salue+les+redditions+des+FDLR

--
SIBOMANA Jean Bosco
Google+: https://plus.google.com/110493390983174363421/posts
YouTube Channel: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9B4024D0AE764F3D
http://www.youtube.com/user/sibomanaxyz999
***Online Time:15H30-20H30, heure de Montréal.***Fuseau horaire domestique:
heure normale de la côte Est des Etats-Unis et Canada (GMT-05:00)***

__._,_.___

Posted by: Jean Bosco Sibomana <sibomanaxyz999@gmail.com>
Reply via web post Reply to sender Reply to group Start a New Topic Messages in this topic (1)
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=--=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
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RwandaLibre-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com
_____________________________________________________

More news:  http://www.amakurunamateka.com ; http://www.ikangurambaga.com ; http://rwandalibre.blogspot.co.uk
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-SVP, considérer  environnement   avant toute  impression de  cet e-mail ou les pièces jointes.
======
-Please consider the environment before printing this email or any attachments.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sponsors:

http://www.rencontressansfrontieres.com
http://www.intimitesafricaines.com
http://www.foraha.net
-=-=-=--=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==-

.

__,_._,___

[RwandaLibre] RDC: l'ONU salue les redditions des FDLR

 

RDC: l'ONU salue les redditions des FDLR

Jeune Afrique - 13 hours ago
31/05/2014 à 11:05 Par AFP     


Des rebelles hutu rwandais dans la fôret de Panga près de Goma en RDC,
le 6 février 2006.© AFP

La Mission de l'ONU en République démocratique du Congo a encouragé un
processus de redditions de combattants hutu rwandais des FDLR commencé
vendredi dans l'est du pays mais a souligné que seul le temps pourrait
déterminer le sérieux de l'initiative.

Réfugiés dans l'est de la RDC depuis 1994, les rebelles des Forces
démocratiques de libération du Rwanda (FDLR) sont accusés d'avoir
participé au génocide des Tutsi, qui a fait au moins 800.000 morts
selon l'ONU. Vendredi, 105 hommes se sont rendus avec 100 armes à
Kateku, localité agricole à environ 220 kilomètres au nord de Goma, la
capitale de la province du Nord-Kivu. "Pour la première journée, c'est
un bon début, mais peut mieux faire", a déclaré à l'AFP le général
Abdallah Wafi, numéro deux de la mission de l'ONU(Monusco).

"Nous encourageons le processus, nous avons mobilisé toutes nos
ressources (militaires et logistiques), mais (...) seuls les jours à
venir vont déterminer la crédibilité et le sérieux du processus. Pour
l'instant, il est trop tôt" pour crier victoire, a-t-il ajouté.

Sur 105 rendus, seuls 97 ont finalement été transférés par la Monusco
à Kanyabahonga, au sud de Kateku. "Certains sont retournés de là où
ils venaient. Même certains ayant des visages connus, ils se sont
éclipsés en douce au moment d'embarquer dans les camions", a expliqué
le général. Parmi les personnes "connues" ayant fait marche arrière,
il a cité le "colonel" Wilson Irategeka, secrétaire exécutif ad
intérim des FDLR, et indiqué que, pour l'heure, ceux qui se sont
rendus comptaient des "officiers subalternes" et pas de grands chefs
recherchés par Kinshasa ou la Cour pénale internationale.

Samedi, la Monusco doit commencer le processus de triage et
d'identification des ex-combattants.

Les FDLR, très affaiblies, comptent environ 1.500 rebelles selon
l'ONU, Kigali avançant le chiffe de 4.000. Elles sont surtout
disséminées dans les Nord- et Sud-Kivu, où elles sont accusées de
graves exactions contre les civils (viols, meurtres, pillages,
enrôlements d'enfants...). L'armée et les Casques bleus promettent
depuis plusieurs mois de les "neutraliser".

http://www.google.ca/gwt/x?gl=CA&hl=en-CA&u=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/DEPAFP20140531110540/onu-fdlr-kivu-monusco-rdc-rwanda-rdc-l-onu-salue-les-redditions-des-fdlr.html&source=s&q=RDC+:+l%27ONU+salue+les+redditions+des+FDLR

--
SIBOMANA Jean Bosco
Google+: https://plus.google.com/110493390983174363421/posts
YouTube Channel: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9B4024D0AE764F3D
http://www.youtube.com/user/sibomanaxyz999
***Online Time:15H30-20H30, heure de Montréal.***Fuseau horaire domestique:
heure normale de la côte Est des Etats-Unis et Canada (GMT-05:00)***

__._,_.___

Posted by: Jean Bosco Sibomana <sibomanaxyz999@gmail.com>
Reply via web post Reply to sender Reply to group Start a New Topic Messages in this topic (1)
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=--=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
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_____________________________________________________

More news:  http://www.amakurunamateka.com ; http://www.ikangurambaga.com ; http://rwandalibre.blogspot.co.uk
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-SVP, considérer  environnement   avant toute  impression de  cet e-mail ou les pièces jointes.
======
-Please consider the environment before printing this email or any attachments.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sponsors:

http://www.rencontressansfrontieres.com
http://www.intimitesafricaines.com
http://www.foraha.net
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.

__,_._,___

[RwandaLibre] CANADA'S REFUSAL TO ALLOW UGANDAN LGBT ACTIVISTS INTO THE COUNTRY SPEAKS TO A WIDER HYPOCRISY

 

CANADA'S REFUSAL TO ALLOW UGANDAN LGBT ACTIVISTS INTO THE COUNTRY
SPEAKS TO A WIDER HYPOCRISY

By Muna Mire May 29 2014

A contingent of Ugandan LGBT activists were recently denied visitor
visas to attend World Pride 2014, which will be held in Toronto this
summer. The move comes as a surprise given the Canadian government's
strong, condemnatory stance on Uganda's repressive regime
criminalizing homosexuality.

The contingent of activists comprised of ten men and women who are all
currently risking their lives in the fight for LGBT rights on the
ground in Uganda—were invited to a human rights conference at the
University of Toronto taking place June 25-27. Just one member of the
contingent, keynote speaker Dr. Frank Mugisha, a highly prominent
advocate and a 2014 nominee for the Nobel Peace Prize, is able to come
to Canada on a multiple-entry visa he had been issued for previous
travels.

Brenda Cossman, conference co-chair, told the Toronto Star that it
remains critical to the global solidarity movement that the contingent
be able to attend the World Pride human rights conference. The
conference wants to hear from the delegation so that effective
allyship is possible from abroad.

"We are at risk of losing their voices," said Cossman.

Dr. Mugisha is a lawyer and the executive director of Sexual
Minorities Uganda (SMUG), an umbrella NGO that describes itself as
aiming "to liberate LGBT in Uganda." SMUG is a network of
organizations serving LGBT people across Uganda that came about in
2004, including smaller organizations like Icebreakers Uganda (serves
LGBT Ugandans who are in the process of coming out), Spectrum Uganda
(focuses on the health and well being of LGBT Ugandans), and the
Transgender Initiative Uganda.

Mugisha was close friends and colleagues with the former advocacy
officer at SMUG, David Kato. Kato, considered a father of the Ugandan
LGBT rights movement and "Uganda's first openly gay man" was murdered
in January 2011 shortly after successfully suing a tabloid for
publishing the names, photos, and addresses of 100 suspected LGBT
Ugandans with the order to "hang them." Several people on the list
were viciously attacked, and many went into hiding afterwards.

Mugisha is himself the plaintiff in a lawsuit brought by SMUG and
supported by the Centre for Constitutional Rights, against American
evangelical Scott Lively and Abiding Truth Ministries (considered a
hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center) for his work on the
Anti-Homosexuality Act and in cultivating a culture of homophobic
populism in Uganda. Lively has personally endorsed the death penalty
for LGBT individuals.

What's worse, The Fellowship Foundation or "The Family"—the same US
religious group that organizes the National Prayer Breakfast at the
White House—also provided "a base of inspiration and technical
support" for the Anti-Homosexuality legislation in Uganda.

Since the bill was signed into law in February 2014, SMUG reports that
anti-gay attacks have increased ten-fold, including lynchings, mob
violence, evictions, arson, blackmail, firings, and arrests. Within
days of the legislation going into effect, another list of 200 alleged
homosexuals was printed in a newspaper. Dr. Mugisha's name was on it.

Uganda has made life hell for LGBT people.

John Baird, Canada's foreign minister, took a strong stance against
the legislation in February, antagonizing Ugandan politicians who
frame their virulent legislation as anti-colonial. "This act is a
serious setback for human rights, dignity and fundamental freedoms,
and deserves to be widely condemned," he said at the time, "Canada
will speak out."

Baird went on to invoke the legacy of David Kato, who was bludgeoned
to death with a hammer in his own Ugandan home.

Why, then, has Canada denied 9/10 visas to a contingent that includes
Kato's friends and colleagues, who are currently fighting for LGBT
rights on the ground in Uganda? The hypocrisy is stunning. The
applications were rejected due to a combination of reasons. It appears
the government is concerned the ten would seek asylum in Canada, a
worry that is deeply disappointing, especially in light of Baird's
comments. Other official reasons for their refusal into Canada
include: lack of previous travel history, lack of family ties in
Canada (really?), andinsufficient funds for the trip. Read: too poor.

Hardcore evangelical Americans are not alone in providing material
support for the Anti-Homosexuality Act on the ground. Previously,
Ottawa provided nearly half a million dollars in funding to an
anti-gay religious group to do development work in Uganda. When taken
with the backstory of Canada quietly bankrolling groups that support
homophobic legislation and denying visas to LGBT Ugandans, Minister
Baird's condemnations of Uganda carry little weight. For that matter,
so do President Obama's. Until Western governments admit their
complicity in both colonialism and in fueling supposedly anti-colonial
homophobic populism, indictments of Uganda ring hollow.

In a piece recently written for the Guardian, Mugisha explains the
paradox succinctly, "I want my fellow Ugandans to understand that
homosexuality is not a western import and our friends in the developed
world to recognise that the current trend of homophobia is."

VICE reached out to Baird's office for comment and was referred
instead to Minister Chris Alexander's office at Citizenship and
Immigration which is currently working with MP Craig Scott to try to
expedite the reapplication process and reverse the decision:

"Our Conservative government was among the first to speak out against
state-sponsored homophobia in Russia. We welcome resettled gay
refugees from Iran and around the world. We have led the international
response to repression of the LGBT community in Uganda and elsewhere
in Africa. Citizenship and Immigration Canada will continue to do
everything it can, under our immigration laws, to make this conference
a success. Under Canadian law, decisions on individual visa
applications are made by highly-trained public servants," a
spokesperson said.

MP Craig Scott has said he expects "the right thing" to be done in the
end. With the conference set for the end of June, the clock is ticking
to process the applications which will be resubmitted this week,
according to Cossman. It seems, however, that the story of Canada's
role in supporting (or undermining) LGBT rights in Uganda goes beyond
issuing ten temporary visas—and that's a larger conversation we
haven't had yet.

@muna_mire

http://www.google.ca/gwt/x?gl=CA&hl=en-CA&u=http://www.vice.com/en_ca/read/canadas-refusal-to-allow-ugandan-lgbt-activists-into-the-country-speaks-to-a-wider-hypocrisy&source=s&q=Canada's+Refusal+to+Allow+Ugandan+LGBT+Activists+into+the+Country+Speaks+to..&sa=X&ei=MFaKU4vOO-vQsQSelYH4Cw&ved=0CBsQFjAA

--
SIBOMANA Jean Bosco
Google+: https://plus.google.com/110493390983174363421/posts
YouTube Channel: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9B4024D0AE764F3D
http://www.youtube.com/user/sibomanaxyz999
***Online Time:15H30-20H30, heure de Montréal.***Fuseau horaire domestique:
heure normale de la côte Est des Etats-Unis et Canada (GMT-05:00)***

__._,_.___

Posted by: Jean Bosco Sibomana <sibomanaxyz999@gmail.com>
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-“The root cause of the Rwandan tragedy of 1994 is the long and past historical ethnic dominance of one minority ethnic group to the other majority ethnic group. Ignoring this reality is giving a black cheque for the Rwandan people’s future and deepening resentment, hostility and hatred between the two groups.”

-« Ce dont j’ai le plus peur, c’est des gens qui croient que, du jour au lendemain, on peut prendre une société, lui tordre le cou et en faire une autre ».

-“The hate of men will pass, and dictators die, and the power they took from the people will return to the people. And so long as men die, liberty will never perish.”

-“I have loved justice and hated iniquity: therefore I die in exile.

-“The price good men pay for indifference to public affairs is to be ruled by evil men.”

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