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Saturday, 29 June 2013

Rwanda : Et si (par miracle) Kagame négociait...


Rwanda : Et si (par miracle) Kagame négociait...

Par Cecil Kami
Vendredi 28 Juin, 2013

Après les sanctions, les œufs pourris et les crottes de cheval, après les remontrances tanzaniennes, peut-on un seul instant s'imaginer l'homme fort de Kigali recevoir la visite d'une muse lui inspirant de s'asseoir avec ses opposants autour d'une table de négociation ? La politique, on le sait bien, est quelque chose de dynamique et, même quand la surface affiche une sérénité d'Agaciro, les bas-fonds peuvent, eux, cacher des changements tout aussi radicaux qu'imperceptibles (raison des permutations au sein de l'armée par exemple). 

La politique, on le sait aussi, n'est pas synonyme de miracologie, mais essentiellement d'organisation et d'action ; et c'est en cela que la question suggérée en titre revêt son importance. N'est-il pas manifeste qu'au fil des ans, l'organisation mise en place par les stratèges de la dictature afande a cessé de séduire ? N'est-il pas patent que la seule action pour éviter l'implosion de celle-là reste, comme le souhaiterait Joseph Staline, la peur des citoyens vis-à-vis de leurs encadreurs ? Ils peuvent donc être fous, mais les managers au service de la politique de Kagame sont parfaitement conscients de ce constat. Ils ont vu, un à un, les mythes fondateurs de leur suprématie politique s'effondrer et le dernier évangile selon Jakaya Kikwete est en passe d'en pulvériser le tout dernier.

Au commencement était un génocide. Ce dernier amèna le monde entier (les Clinton et autres Verhofstadt) à demander pardon au « stoppeur » de ce Crime. Sauf qu'un jour l'on découvrit le lien entre l'attentat du 6 avril 1994 et le déclenchement des horreurs. Et que le Mapping report vint dévoiler d'autres génocidaires présumés. Et que lestechniciens d'un tribunal à Arusha échouaient dans leur ingéniosité à prouver la planification d'Ishyano. Le premier mythe vacilla. C'est alors que Sweetie se mit à assassiner ses compatriotes exilés et que, toute honte bue, ses sicaires planifièrent des empoisonnements à grande échelle. Et que ses chiens de guerre pillèrent les voisins du Congo. Las de cette arrogance persistante, certains amis du système Kagame lui coupèrent les vivres. D'une façon timide et symbolique, mais le message est toutefois passé. Le deuxième mythe venait de tomber à l'eau... Restait donc la contestation du régime. Fustiger la cupidité des affairistes de Kigali valait aux opposants l'étiquette de « génocidaires ». Sauf que d'une part, Ingabire n'en est pas une, Mushayidi et Ntaganda non plus ; et que d'autre part Rwarakabije a été débauché pendant que les écrits racistes de Rucagu dans Kangura étaient absouts. Négociez donc ouvertement avec vos opposants, dixit le prochain hôte de Barack Obama. Et le troisième mythe s'écroula, entama ainsi la surrection de tout l'édifice qui en est maintenant à lorgner vers un troisième mandat de qui-vous-savez...

Et si Kagame négociait donc... Ça ne ressemble pas du tout à l'homme, du moins à son outrecuidance légendaire, mais les états-majors de l'opposition feraient mieux de considérer cette hypothèse. L'histoire est pleine d'exemples éloquents à propos des dictatures militaires qui ont terrorisé (dans un semblant de nationalisme) et leurs peuples et tous ceux qui rêvaient liberté. La clique ethniste de Bururi au Burundi, la kléptocratie ngbandi au Zaïre, les Boers racistes d'Afrique du sud, le colonel trublion de Libye, etc. A un moment ou à un autre de leurs tristes gloires, ces régimes se croyaient indéboulonnables et, en cela, ils étaient confortés par le soutien économique et/ou militaire que leur octroyaient des alliés étrangers. Puis un jour, le vent a tourné (le miracle s'est produit), le monde a ouvert les yeux et l'idolâtré est, du jour au lendemain, devenu le pestiféré. Bien malins comme Pierre Buyoya qui ont su s'organiser une sortie, évitant ainsi un séjour soit dans les poubelles de l'histoire, soit des circonstances de fin de règne inversement proportionnelles aux fastes de la vie qu'ils ont menée. En donnant l'impression d'acculer sérieusement la politique afande, le lieutenant-colonel Jakaya Kikwete confirme la règle qui veut que seuls des vrais officiers savent militer pour la paix. En sera-t-il de même du général Kagame ?

Rêvons donc un peu : à l'appel tanzanien, le président rwandais réalise qu'il ne pourra tenir sa ligne dure (et suicidaire) pendant longtemps et que même ses voisins commencent à imaginer un après-Kagame, du moins une transition le poussant vers la sortie. Il prend les devants et délivre un visa à Faustin Twagiramungu avant de le recevoir avec Semushi Karangwa, puis il libère coup sur coup le trio Ingabire-Mushayidi-Ntaganda, il accepte de prendre officiellement (officieusement c'est fait depuis très longtemps) langue avec les Fdlr et envoie ses émissaires auprès de tous les autres leaders de l'opposition en exil. Que se passe-t-il alors ? Le peuple exulte et une partie de l'armée panique. Celle qui a impunément utilisé l'uniforme pour porter poison et deuil dans les familles rwandaises, prouvant ainsi fausse fidélité et coupable loyauté au chef. Soit elle se comporte à la Bikomagu et... rebelote, soit elle prend courageusement note des changements et méritent la République. Ce dernier scénario pousserait obligatoirement, mais minutieusement les politiciens à agir sans relâche pour inventer le Rwanda de nos... rêves : sans dictature ni discriminations, sans bellicisme ni repli sur soi. Oui, essayez d'imaginer une grande table avec tout autour Kagame, Rukokoma, Ingabire, Kayumba, Habyarimana, Mushayidi, Ntaganda (et tous les autres) ainsi que des représentants de la société civile. Une grande partie de la vraie victoire est là : d'oser, de se permettre un rêve inaccessible encore il y a 10 ans...

Avec des "si", on mettrait Paris en bouteille, dit-on. Avec des "si", oui, le Rwanda aurait déjà cessé d'être ; de justesse, le pire a été évité en 1994 déjà, ce qui n'a pas empêché un général de déclarer que SI il avait pu bénéficier d'assez de temps, il aurait réglé le sort d'un million de ses concitoyens. Rêver permet donc s'évader des réalités autrement plus dures. De s'inventer une suite. Après la toute puissance vantée des services secrets (beaucoup ont su tromper leur vigilance et leurs échecs ne se comptent plus), l'invincibilité de l'armée (incapable d'éradiquer les Fdlr), après la sympathie des Occidentaux coupables/complices (il y a une réelle inflexion dans leur rapports avec l'Afandie), après la discipline des dirigeants (le Mapping report a mis à nu le sérieux du régime), quelle suite écrire pour le Rwanda si, dans son égarement, le fou trébuche sur la vérité (aramutse asaze akagwa kw'ijambo) ? C'est-à-dire s'il se résout (malgré lui) à négocier. Poser la question c'est, bien des fois, y répondre et, la mienne de réponse, est que si demain par la grâce de saint Gihanga, le général consentait à négocier, cela prendrait terriblement de court beaucoup de ceux qui réclament son effacement de la scène politique rwandaise. Se présenteraient-ils en bon ordre ou dispersé ? Auront-ils les mêmes visées ou leur compétition impliquera des croc-en-jambes regrettables puisque profitable au has been Kagame ? Les réponses divergeront autant qu'elles susciteront moult polémiques.

Rassurez-vous : il ne s'agissait là que d'un rêve, sauf que, comme l'a un jour écrit le romancier Réjean Bonenfant, « à trop rêver le monde, on en vient à préférer le rêve au monde ». La psychologue Victoria Torey Lynn Hayden (dit Torey Hayden) disait quant à elle : « Heureux ceux qui cultivent des rêves. Mais, les rêves exigent des sacrifices et peu de rêveurs survivent ».

Exclusive: Fearing death, Congo's 'Terminator' fled with help of family

Exclusive: Fearing death, Congo's 'Terminator' fled with help of family


Congolese warlord Bosco Ntaganda looks on during his first appearance before judges at the International Criminal Court in the Hague March 26, 2013. REUTERS/Peter Dejong/Pool
Congolese warlord Bosco Ntaganda looks on during his first appearance before judges at the International Criminal Court in the Hague March 26, 2013.
Credit: Reuters/Peter Dejong/Pool
By Michelle Nichols and Louis Charbonneau
UNITED NATIONS | Fri Jun 28, 2013 4:29pm EDT
(Reuters) - Facing defeat by a rival rebel and fearing death at the hands of Rwandan troops, Congolese warlord Bosco Ntaganda quietly slipped into Rwanda on a small path with a single escort to turn himself in at the U.S. Embassy in Kigali, according to a U.N. report.
Details of the March 18 surrender of Ntaganda, who evaded arrest on international war crimes charges for seven years, were contained in the confidential interim report by the U.N. Group of Experts to the Security Council's Congo sanctions committee. The report was seen by Reuters on Friday.
Ntaganda, a Rwandan-born Tutsi rebel known as "the Terminator," is accused of murder, rape, sexual slavery and recruiting child soldiers during 15 years of rebellion in resource-rich eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.
It was not known how Ntaganda made his way from eastern Congo to the Rwandan capital, where he had simply walked into the U.S. Embassy and asked diplomats to transfer him to the International Criminal Court in The Hague.
The U.N. experts said his secret three-day journey followed after a violent split in the M23 rebel group weeks earlier. Ntaganda's defeat by rival M23 commander Sultani Makenga was aided by Rwandan officials and demobilized Rwandan soldiers, said the report.
Ntaganda "clandestinely crossed the border into Rwanda using a small path in the Gasizi area with one escort," it said.
"He reached Kigali with the help of his family and arrived at the United States Embassy on 18 March where he requested to be transferred to the ICC without prior knowledge of Rwandan authorities," according to the 43-page report.
Rwanda subsequently arrested an individual accused of helping Ntaganda escape and interrogated the warlord's wife and brother, the experts said.
The career of Ntaganda, who has fought for rebels, militias and armies in both Rwanda and Congo in the last 20 years, reflects the tangled and shifting allegiances of a territory that has been repeatedly traumatized by genocide and violence.
Ntaganda said he was not guilty of war crimes during his first appearance at the International Criminal Court in March.
M23 is a Tutsi-dominated group of former Congolese soldiers that has demanded political concessions from President Joseph Kabila's government.
M23 CRIPPLED AFTER NTAGANDA DEFEAT
The U.N. experts report in October named Ntaganda as the leader controlling the M23 rebellion on the ground and added that he and other commanders received "direct military orders" from senior Rwandan military figures acting under instructions from Defense Minister James Kabarebe.
Rwanda vehemently denied supporting the M23, accusing the world of trying to blame it for Congo's unremitting troubles.
The latest experts report found "continuous - but limited - support to M23 from within Rwanda" and cooperation between elements of the Congolese military and a Rwandan Hutu rebel group against the M23 rebels.
Ntaganda had a network of contacts within Rwanda that he used to support his M23 faction against Makenga after the pair had disagreed over the management of M23, the experts said.
"To halt Ntaganda's activities, Rwandan authorities arrested some of the individuals who were part of this network," the experts said.
"Some Rwandan officers also provided limited material support to Makenga as he sought to defeat Ntaganda," found the report. "While some Rwandan officers had ensured Ntaganda of their assistance, in reality they had decide to support Makenga.
"Rwandan officers also fed disinformation to Ntaganda which precipitated his defeat. Former M23 soldiers who fought alongside Ntaganda reported that soldiers of the (Rwandan Defense Force) special forces that were deployed along the border provided Ntaganda with ammunition at the outset of fighting, which made him believe that he enjoyed RDF support."
As his troops began to run low on ammunition after two weeks of fighting, Ntaganda fled into Rwanda, where he feared Rwandan soldiers deployed on the border would kill him. The U.N. experts said that Makenga had also ordered his troops kill Ntaganda.
It was estimated that about 200 rebels from both sides were killed during the M23 split, the report said. Almost 800 rebels loyal to Ntaganda also fled into Rwanda after their defeat. The experts said Makenga was left with some 1,500 fighters spread across a 270 square mile area (700 sq km).
"Moreover M23 has lost the support of leaders and communities which had supported Ntaganda in northern Rwanda and stopped benefiting from the recruitment and financial networks he had established," the report said.
"The movement is unable to control its entire territory and suffers from poor morale and scores of desertions," it said.


Exclusive: Rwanda army officers aiding M23 rebels in Congo - U.N. experts


Exclusive: Rwanda army officers aiding M23 rebels in Congo - U.N. experts


M23 rebels take position near the town of Mutaho, in eastern   Democratic Republic of Congo May 27, 2013. REUTERS/Jonny Hog
M23 rebels take position near the town of Mutaho, in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo May 27, 2013.
Credit: Reuters/Jonny Hog
UNITED NATIONS | Fri Jun 28, 2013 4:17pm EDT
(Reuters) - Military officers from Rwanda and Democratic Republic of Congo are fueling violence in eastern Congo despite pledges by the countries to foster peace, according to a confidential U.N. experts' report seen by Reuters on Friday.
A rebel group in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo continues to recruit fighters in neighboring Rwanda with the aid of sympathetic Rwandan military officers, the U.N. Group of Experts said in its interim report to the Security Council's Congo sanctions committee.
The U.N. Group of Experts also said elements of the Congolese military have cooperated with a Rwandan Hutu rebel group against the Congolese M23 rebel group, a Tutsi-dominated rebellion of former Congolese soldiers that has demanded political concessions from President Joseph Kabila's government.
The allegations are likely to displease Kigali and Kinshasa, which have signed a U.N.-backed peace agreement and pledged to cooperate on bringing peace and stability to mineral-rich eastern Congo, where millions of people have been killed and many more displaced in decades of conflict.
Recruitment and other forms of support for the M23 rebels have waned in recent months, though the insurgent forces still pose a security threat in eastern Congo, said the U.N. Group of Experts.
"Since the outset of its current mandate, the group has to date found no indication of support to the rebels from within Uganda, and has gathered evidence of continuous - but limited - support to M23 from within Rwanda," the report said.
"The group sent a letter to the government of Rwanda on 14 June 2013 asking for clarification about this support and looks forward to a reply," the U.N. experts said in the 43-page report.
They said current and former M23 members reported that Rwandan army officers or their representatives have crossed the border into Chanzu or Rumangabo in eastern Congo to meet with Makenga.
The report said 14 former M23 soldiers told the Group of Experts that Rwandans who deserted M23 and tried to go home to Rwanda were "forcibly returned to M23" by Rwandan army officers.
Rwanda's deputy U.N. ambassador, Olivier Nduhungirehe, rejected the allegations. "Now that the GoE report was leaked, can you name any single RDF officer mentioned as aiding the M23? NONE!" he wrote on his Twitter feed.
Rwanda has previously complained about the experts. In March Kigali refused to issue entry visas to two panel members, describing them as biased, Nduhungirehe told Reuters at the time.
CONGOLESE TROOPS WORK WITH HUTU REBELS
Collaboration between elements of the Rwandan military and M23 continue, it said. "The Group received information that M23 commanders have regularly met with RDF (Rwandan Defense Forces) officers," the report said.
"Three former M23 officers, a former M23 cadre, and several local authorities told the Group that from March through May 2013, they had witnessed M23 Colonels Kaina and Yusuf Mboneza with RDF officers at the border of Kabuhanga," it said.
But it said that since the brief fall of provincial capital Goma in November 2012 the Group of Experts has not received evidence of full Rwandan army units supporting M23. Also, the March surrender of former M23 leader Bosco Ntaganda has hurt the rebels' morale and sparked desertions, it said.
Last year the experts accused Rwanda's defense minister of commanding the M23 rebellion, which it said was being armed by Rwanda and Uganda, both of which sent troops to aid the insurgency.
The latest report said there was no current signs of Ugandan government support for M23 but noted that limited recruitment activities by the M23 continued on Ugandan territory. It added that Ugandan officials have thwarted several attempts at M23 recruitment.
The allegations come as the United Nations, which has a large peacekeeping force known as MONUSCO in the region, prepares to deploy a special intervention brigade in eastern Congo. That brigade's goal is to aggressively search out and destroy armed groups operating in eastern Congo.
M23 has been generating income of around $180,000 a month from taxes - $200 to $1,000 per truck depending on the load - they exact on the population in the areas where they have been active, the report said.
"The Group notes that sanctioned individual Col. Innocent Kaina of M23 remains engaged in the recruitment of children," it said.
The experts said that they have also received information indicating collaboration between the Congolese military and FDLR rebels, the remnants of Hutu killers who carried out the 1994 genocide of Tutsis in Rwanda, in North Kivu.
The Congolese U.N. mission was not immediately available for comment on the report.
(Editing by Vicki Allen and Doina Chiacu)

Exclusive: Rwanda army officers aiding M23 rebels in Congo - U.N. experts


Exclusive: Rwanda army officers aiding M23 rebels in Congo - U.N. experts


M23 rebels take position near the town of Mutaho, in eastern   Democratic Republic of Congo May 27, 2013. REUTERS/Jonny Hog
M23 rebels take position near the town of Mutaho, in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo May 27, 2013.
Credit: Reuters/Jonny Hog
UNITED NATIONS | Fri Jun 28, 2013 4:17pm EDT
(Reuters) - Military officers from Rwanda and Democratic Republic of Congo are fueling violence in eastern Congo despite pledges by the countries to foster peace, according to a confidential U.N. experts' report seen by Reuters on Friday.
A rebel group in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo continues to recruit fighters in neighboring Rwanda with the aid of sympathetic Rwandan military officers, the U.N. Group of Experts said in its interim report to the Security Council's Congo sanctions committee.
The U.N. Group of Experts also said elements of the Congolese military have cooperated with a Rwandan Hutu rebel group against the Congolese M23 rebel group, a Tutsi-dominated rebellion of former Congolese soldiers that has demanded political concessions from President Joseph Kabila's government.
The allegations are likely to displease Kigali and Kinshasa, which have signed a U.N.-backed peace agreement and pledged to cooperate on bringing peace and stability to mineral-rich eastern Congo, where millions of people have been killed and many more displaced in decades of conflict.
Recruitment and other forms of support for the M23 rebels have waned in recent months, though the insurgent forces still pose a security threat in eastern Congo, said the U.N. Group of Experts.
"Since the outset of its current mandate, the group has to date found no indication of support to the rebels from within Uganda, and has gathered evidence of continuous - but limited - support to M23 from within Rwanda," the report said.
"The group sent a letter to the government of Rwanda on 14 June 2013 asking for clarification about this support and looks forward to a reply," the U.N. experts said in the 43-page report.
They said current and former M23 members reported that Rwandan army officers or their representatives have crossed the border into Chanzu or Rumangabo in eastern Congo to meet with Makenga.
The report said 14 former M23 soldiers told the Group of Experts that Rwandans who deserted M23 and tried to go home to Rwanda were "forcibly returned to M23" by Rwandan army officers.
Rwanda's deputy U.N. ambassador, Olivier Nduhungirehe, rejected the allegations. "Now that the GoE report was leaked, can you name any single RDF officer mentioned as aiding the M23? NONE!" he wrote on his Twitter feed.
Rwanda has previously complained about the experts. In March Kigali refused to issue entry visas to two panel members, describing them as biased, Nduhungirehe told Reuters at the time.
CONGOLESE TROOPS WORK WITH HUTU REBELS
Collaboration between elements of the Rwandan military and M23 continue, it said. "The Group received information that M23 commanders have regularly met with RDF (Rwandan Defense Forces) officers," the report said.
"Three former M23 officers, a former M23 cadre, and several local authorities told the Group that from March through May 2013, they had witnessed M23 Colonels Kaina and Yusuf Mboneza with RDF officers at the border of Kabuhanga," it said.
But it said that since the brief fall of provincial capital Goma in November 2012 the Group of Experts has not received evidence of full Rwandan army units supporting M23. Also, the March surrender of former M23 leader Bosco Ntaganda has hurt the rebels' morale and sparked desertions, it said.
Last year the experts accused Rwanda's defense minister of commanding the M23 rebellion, which it said was being armed by Rwanda and Uganda, both of which sent troops to aid the insurgency.
The latest report said there was no current signs of Ugandan government support for M23 but noted that limited recruitment activities by the M23 continued on Ugandan territory. It added that Ugandan officials have thwarted several attempts at M23 recruitment.
The allegations come as the United Nations, which has a large peacekeeping force known as MONUSCO in the region, prepares to deploy a special intervention brigade in eastern Congo. That brigade's goal is to aggressively search out and destroy armed groups operating in eastern Congo.
M23 has been generating income of around $180,000 a month from taxes - $200 to $1,000 per truck depending on the load - they exact on the population in the areas where they have been active, the report said.
"The Group notes that sanctioned individual Col. Innocent Kaina of M23 remains engaged in the recruitment of children," it said.
The experts said that they have also received information indicating collaboration between the Congolese military and FDLR rebels, the remnants of Hutu killers who carried out the 1994 genocide of Tutsis in Rwanda, in North Kivu.
The Congolese U.N. mission was not immediately available for comment on the report.
(Editing by Vicki Allen and Doina Chiacu)

Exclusive: Fearing death, Congo's 'Terminator' fled with help of family

http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/28/us-congo-democratic-un-ntaganda-idUSBRE95R10F20130628

Exclusive: Fearing death, Congo's 'Terminator' fled with help of family


Congolese warlord Bosco Ntaganda looks on during his first appearance before judges at the International Criminal Court in the Hague March 26, 2013. REUTERS/Peter Dejong/Pool
Congolese warlord Bosco Ntaganda looks on during his first appearance before judges at the International Criminal Court in the Hague March 26, 2013.
Credit: Reuters/Peter Dejong/Pool
UNITED NATIONS | Fri Jun 28, 2013 4:29pm EDT
(Reuters) - Facing defeat by a rival rebel and fearing death at the hands of Rwandan troops, Congolese warlord Bosco Ntaganda quietly slipped into Rwanda on a small path with a single escort to turn himself in at the U.S. Embassy in Kigali, according to a U.N. report.
Details of the March 18 surrender of Ntaganda, who evaded arrest on international war crimes charges for seven years, were contained in the confidential interim report by the U.N. Group of Experts to the Security Council's Congo sanctions committee. The report was seen by Reuters on Friday.
Ntaganda, a Rwandan-born Tutsi rebel known as "the Terminator," is accused of murder, rape, sexual slavery and recruiting child soldiers during 15 years of rebellion in resource-rich eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.
It was not known how Ntaganda made his way from eastern Congo to the Rwandan capital, where he had simply walked into the U.S. Embassy and asked diplomats to transfer him to the International Criminal Court in The Hague.
The U.N. experts said his secret three-day journey followed after a violent split in the M23 rebel group weeks earlier. Ntaganda's defeat by rival M23 commander Sultani Makenga was aided by Rwandan officials and demobilized Rwandan soldiers, said the report.
Ntaganda "clandestinely crossed the border into Rwanda using a small path in the Gasizi area with one escort," it said.
"He reached Kigali with the help of his family and arrived at the United States Embassy on 18 March where he requested to be transferred to the ICC without prior knowledge of Rwandan authorities," according to the 43-page report.
Rwanda subsequently arrested an individual accused of helping Ntaganda escape and interrogated the warlord's wife and brother, the experts said.
The career of Ntaganda, who has fought for rebels, militias and armies in both Rwanda and Congo in the last 20 years, reflects the tangled and shifting allegiances of a territory that has been repeatedly traumatized by genocide and violence.
Ntaganda said he was not guilty of war crimes during his first appearance at the International Criminal Court in March.
M23 is a Tutsi-dominated group of former Congolese soldiers that has demanded political concessions from President Joseph Kabila's government.
M23 CRIPPLED AFTER NTAGANDA DEFEAT
The U.N. experts report in October named Ntaganda as the leader controlling the M23 rebellion on the ground and added that he and other commanders received "direct military orders" from senior Rwandan military figures acting under instructions from Defense Minister James Kabarebe.
Rwanda vehemently denied supporting the M23, accusing the world of trying to blame it for Congo's unremitting troubles.
The latest experts report found "continuous - but limited - support to M23 from within Rwanda" and cooperation between elements of the Congolese military and a Rwandan Hutu rebel group against the M23 rebels.
Ntaganda had a network of contacts within Rwanda that he used to support his M23 faction against Makenga after the pair had disagreed over the management of M23, the experts said.
"To halt Ntaganda's activities, Rwandan authorities arrested some of the individuals who were part of this network," the experts said.
"Some Rwandan officers also provided limited material support to Makenga as he sought to defeat Ntaganda," found the report. "While some Rwandan officers had ensured Ntaganda of their assistance, in reality they had decide to support Makenga.
"Rwandan officers also fed disinformation to Ntaganda which precipitated his defeat. Former M23 soldiers who fought alongside Ntaganda reported that soldiers of the (Rwandan Defense Force) special forces that were deployed along the border provided Ntaganda with ammunition at the outset of fighting, which made him believe that he enjoyed RDF support."
As his troops began to run low on ammunition after two weeks of fighting, Ntaganda fled into Rwanda, where he feared Rwandan soldiers deployed on the border would kill him. The U.N. experts said that Makenga had also ordered his troops kill Ntaganda.
It was estimated that about 200 rebels from both sides were killed during the M23 split, the report said. Almost 800 rebels loyal to Ntaganda also fled into Rwanda after their defeat. The experts said Makenga was left with some 1,500 fighters spread across a 270 square mile area (700 sq km).
"Moreover M23 has lost the support of leaders and communities which had supported Ntaganda in northern Rwanda and stopped benefiting from the recruitment and financial networks he had established," the report said.
"The movement is unable to control its entire territory and suffers from poor morale and scores of desertions," it said.

-“The root cause of the Rwandan tragedy of 1994 is the long and past historical ethnic dominance of one minority ethnic group to the other majority ethnic group. Ignoring this reality is giving a black cheque for the Rwandan people’s future and deepening resentment, hostility and hatred between the two groups.”

-« Ce dont j’ai le plus peur, c’est des gens qui croient que, du jour au lendemain, on peut prendre une société, lui tordre le cou et en faire une autre ».

-“The hate of men will pass, and dictators die, and the power they took from the people will return to the people. And so long as men die, liberty will never perish.”

-“I have loved justice and hated iniquity: therefore I die in exile.

-“The price good men pay for indifference to public affairs is to be ruled by evil men.”

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